Question 1

Using a ratio schedule, reinforcement is provided based on _____. Using an interval schedule, reinforcement is provided based on _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the amount of elapsed time; the number of responses made 
B)  how quickly responses are made; the number of responses made 
C)  the amount of elapsed time; how quickly responses are made 
D)  the number of responses made; the amount of elapsed time 
A)  the amount of elapsed time; the number of responses made 
B)  how quickly responses are made; the number of responses made 
C)  the amount of elapsed time; how quickly responses are made 
D)  the number of responses made; the amount of elapsed time

Question 2

Generalization leads to the CR (conditioned response) being given to a _____ set of stimuli, and discrimination leads to the CR (conditioned response) being given to a _____ set of stimuli.

Accepted Answer

A)  narrower; narrower 
B)  narrower; broader 
C)  broader; narrower 
D)  broader; broader 
A)  narrower; narrower 
B)  narrower; broader 
C)  broader; narrower 
D)  broader; broader

Question 3

Reinforcing the first response given once a set interval of time has elapsed is to _____ as delivering reinforcement after a different time interval on each trial is to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed interval; variable interval 
B)  fixed interval; variable ratio 
C)  fixed ratio; variable interval 
D)  fixed ratio; variable ratio 
A)  fixed interval; variable interval 
B)  fixed interval; variable ratio 
C)  fixed ratio; variable interval 
D)  fixed ratio; variable ratio

Question 4

After a response has been classically conditioned, learning to give the conditioned response (CR) only to the original conditioned stimulus (CS) illustrates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery 
B)  discrimination 
C)  generalization 
D)  extinction 
A)  spontaneous recovery 
B)  discrimination 
C)  generalization 
D)  extinction

Question 5

When the CR (conditioned response) is elicited to the CS (conditioned stimulus), _____ has taken place.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization 
B)  extinction 
C)  acquisition 
D)  reinforcement 
A)  generalization 
B)  extinction 
C)  acquisition 
D)  reinforcement

Question 6

Positive reinforcement is to _____ as positive punishment is to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  adding an aversive stimulus; removing an aversive stimulus 
B)  removing an appetitive stimulus; adding an appetitive stimulus 
C)  removing an aversive stimulus; removing an aversive stimulus 
D)  adding an appetitive stimulus; adding an aversive stimulus 
A)  adding an aversive stimulus; removing an aversive stimulus 
B)  removing an appetitive stimulus; adding an appetitive stimulus 
C)  removing an aversive stimulus; removing an aversive stimulus 
D)  adding an appetitive stimulus; adding an aversive stimulus

Question 7

Behavioral psychologists are to _____ as cognitive psychologists are to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  associating events; encoding events 
B)  encoding events; associating events 
C)  operant conditioning; classical conditioning 
D)  classical conditioning; operant conditioning 
A)  associating events; encoding events 
B)  encoding events; associating events 
C)  operant conditioning; classical conditioning 
D)  classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Question 8

Backward conditioning typically does NOT produce conditioning because the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus (CS) remains on until after the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented 
B)  unconditioned stimulus (UCS) remains on until after the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented 
C)  conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes but is removed before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented 
D)  unconditioned stimulus (UCS) precedes but is removed before the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented 
A)  conditioned stimulus (CS) remains on until after the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented 
B)  unconditioned stimulus (UCS) remains on until after the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented 
C)  conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes but is removed before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented 
D)  unconditioned stimulus (UCS) precedes but is removed before the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented

Question 9

Darren has been moving into his new dorm all day and is exhausted and hungry. He decides to spend the evening eating pizza while watching a video. Which of the following theories BEST explains Darren's behaviors this evening?

Accepted Answer

A)  arousal 
B)  drive-reduction 
C)  incentive 
D)  Both arousal and drive-reduction best explain Darren's behaviors. 
A)  arousal 
B)  drive-reduction 
C)  incentive 
D)  Both arousal and drive-reduction best explain Darren's behaviors.

Question 10

Your biology professor has decided to divide the semester into three equal sections. During each section, you meet for nine class periods and then have an exam. This most closely resembles a _____ schedule of reinforcement. We would expect the cumulative record for this schedule to have _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio; a steep slope with few pauses 
B)  fixed interval; a steep slope with few pauses 
C)  variable interval; flat sections followed by dramatic bursts of rapid responding 
D)  fixed interval; flat sections followed by dramatic bursts of rapid responding 
A)  fixed ratio; a steep slope with few pauses 
B)  fixed interval; a steep slope with few pauses 
C)  variable interval; flat sections followed by dramatic bursts of rapid responding 
D)  fixed interval; flat sections followed by dramatic bursts of rapid responding

Question 11

Crossing the street when the light is green, but not when the light is red, resembles which of the following processes involved in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization 
B)  stimulus discrimination 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  extinction 
A)  stimulus generalization 
B)  stimulus discrimination 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  extinction

Question 12

The _____ schedule of reinforcement would lead to the fastest responses, with the fewest breaks after reinforcement, and be the most resistant to extinction.

Accepted Answer

A)  variable-interval 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  fixed-ratio 
A)  variable-interval 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  fixed-ratio

Question 13

To increase the likelihood that students will study continuously throughout the semester, an instructor should give unannounced exams on a _____ reinforcement schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-interval 
C)  fixed-ratio 
D)  variable-ratio 
A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-interval 
C)  fixed-ratio 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 14

In _____, acquisition refers to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning; the strengthening of the reinforced operant response 
B)  classical conditioning; the disappearance of the operant response when it is no longer reinforced 
C)  operant conditioning; acquiring a conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS) 
D)  operant conditioning; the strengthening of the reinforced operant response 
A)  classical conditioning; the strengthening of the reinforced operant response 
B)  classical conditioning; the disappearance of the operant response when it is no longer reinforced 
C)  operant conditioning; acquiring a conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS) 
D)  operant conditioning; the strengthening of the reinforced operant response

Question 15

After watching a video of other children on a roller coaster, Donna believes that she has actually been on a roller coaster herself although she never has. Donna's belief BEST illustrates _____, which likely involves _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the law of effect; latent learning 
B)  the law of effect; mirror neurons 
C)  observation inflation; latent learning 
D)  observation inflation; mirror neurons 
A)  the law of effect; latent learning 
B)  the law of effect; mirror neurons 
C)  observation inflation; latent learning 
D)  observation inflation; mirror neurons

Question 16

For several months after having an upset stomach on a bumpy airplane ride, Jacqueline experienced a feeling of nausea at the sight of an airplane. However, a year later, she could fly again without distress. Jacqueline's ability to fly again comfortably suggests that her conditioning had undergone which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition 
B)  extinction 
C)  generalization 
D)  spontaneous recovery 
A)  acquisition 
B)  extinction 
C)  generalization 
D)  spontaneous recovery

Question 17

Negative reinforcement is to _____ as negative punishment is to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  removing an aversive stimulus; adding an appetitive stimulus 
B)  adding an appetitive stimulus; removing an appetitive stimulus 
C)  removing an aversive stimulus; removing an appetitive stimulus 
D)  adding an appetitive stimulus; adding an aversive stimulus 
A)  removing an aversive stimulus; adding an appetitive stimulus 
B)  adding an appetitive stimulus; removing an appetitive stimulus 
C)  removing an aversive stimulus; removing an appetitive stimulus 
D)  adding an appetitive stimulus; adding an aversive stimulus

Question 18

Henry really liked to practice playing the guitar, but when his mother started rewarding him for doing so, he spent less time practicing. Henry's reduced interest in practicing MOST directly illustrates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  drive reduction 
B)  arousal's effect on motivation 
C)  the overjustification effect 
D)  an intrinsic incentive 
A)  drive reduction 
B)  arousal's effect on motivation 
C)  the overjustification effect 
D)  an intrinsic incentive

Question 19

The _____ theory(ies) of motivation would BEST explain a person's motivation for studying in order to earn good grades.

Accepted Answer

A)  incentive 
B)  drive-reduction 
C)  arousal 
D)  incentive and arousal 
A)  incentive 
B)  drive-reduction 
C)  arousal 
D)  incentive and arousal

Question 20

_____ is to internal motivation as _____ is to external motivation.

Accepted Answer

A)  Drive reduction; arousal theory 
B)  Arousal theory; incentive theory 
C)  Incentive theory; arousal theory 
D)  Arousal theory; drive reduction 
A)  Drive reduction; arousal theory 
B)  Arousal theory; incentive theory 
C)  Incentive theory; arousal theory 
D)  Arousal theory; drive reduction

Exam 4: Section 2: Learning

Using a ratio schedule, reinforcement is provided based on _____. Using an interval schedule, reinforcement is provided based on _____.

Generalization leads to the CR (conditioned response) being given to a _____ set of stimuli, and discrimination leads to the CR (conditioned response) being given to a _____ set of stimuli.

Reinforcing the first response given once a set interval of time has elapsed is to _____ as delivering reinforcement after a different time interval on each trial is to _____.

After a response has been classically conditioned, learning to give the conditioned response (CR) only to the original conditioned stimulus (CS) illustrates which of the following?

When the CR (conditioned response) is elicited to the CS (conditioned stimulus), _____ has taken place.

Positive reinforcement is to _____ as positive punishment is to _____.

Behavioral psychologists are to _____ as cognitive psychologists are to _____.

Backward conditioning typically does NOT produce conditioning because the _____.

Darren has been moving into his new dorm all day and is exhausted and hungry. He decides to spend the evening eating pizza while watching a video. Which of the following theories BEST explains Darren's behaviors this evening?

Your biology professor has decided to divide the semester into three equal sections. During each section, you meet for nine class periods and then have an exam. This most closely resembles a _____ schedule of reinforcement. We would expect the cumulative record for this schedule to have _____.

Crossing the street when the light is green, but not when the light is red, resembles which of the following processes involved in operant conditioning?

The _____ schedule of reinforcement would lead to the fastest responses, with the fewest breaks after reinforcement, and be the most resistant to extinction.

To increase the likelihood that students will study continuously throughout the semester, an instructor should give unannounced exams on a _____ reinforcement schedule.

In _____, acquisition refers to _____.

After watching a video of other children on a roller coaster, Donna believes that she has actually been on a roller coaster herself although she never has. Donna's belief BEST illustrates _____, which likely involves _____.

Negative reinforcement is to _____ as negative punishment is to _____.

Henry really liked to practice playing the guitar, but when his mother started rewarding him for doing so, he spent less time practicing. Henry's reduced interest in practicing MOST directly illustrates which of the following?

The _____ theory(ies) of motivation would BEST explain a person's motivation for studying in order to earn good grades.

_____ is to internal motivation as _____ is to external motivation.

Section 1: The Science of Psychology

Section 2: The Science of Psychology

Section 3: The Science of Psychology

Section 4: The Science of Psychology

Section 1: Neuroscience

Section 2: Neuroscience

Section 3: Neuroscience

Section 4: Neuroscience

Section 1: Sensation and Perception

Section 2: Sensation and Perception

Section 3: Sensation and Perception

Section 4: Sensation and Perception

Section 1: Learning

Section 3: Learning

Section 4: Learning

Section 1:memory

Section 2:memory

Section 3:memory

Section 4:memory

Section 1: Thinking and Intelligence

Section 2: Thinking and Intelligence

Section 3: Thinking and Intelligence

Section 4: Thinking and Intelligence

Section 1: Developmental Psychology

Section 2: Developmental Psychology

Section 3: Developmental Psychology

Section 4: Developmental Psychology

Section 1: Personality Theories and Assessment

Section 2: Personality Theories and Assessment

Section 3: Personality Theories and Assessment

Section 4: Personality Theories and Assessment

Section 1: Social Psychology

Section 2: Social Psychology

Section 3: Social Psychology

Section 4: Social Psychology

Section 1: Abnormal Psychology

Section 2: Abnormal Psychology

Section 3: Abnormal Psychology

Section 4: Abnormal Psychology

Filters

Using a ratio schedule, reinforcement is provided based on _. Using an interval schedule, reinforcement is provided based on _.

Generalization leads to the CR (conditioned response) being given to a _ set of stimuli, and discrimination leads to the CR (conditioned response) being given to a _ set of stimuli.

Reinforcing the first response given once a set interval of time has elapsed is to _ as delivering reinforcement after a different time interval on each trial is to _.

Positive reinforcement is to _ as positive punishment is to _.

Behavioral psychologists are to _ as cognitive psychologists are to _.

Your biology professor has decided to divide the semester into three equal sections. During each section, you meet for nine class periods and then have an exam. This most closely resembles a _ schedule of reinforcement. We would expect the cumulative record for this schedule to have _.

In _, acquisition refers to _.

After watching a video of other children on a roller coaster, Donna believes that she has actually been on a roller coaster herself although she never has. Donna's belief BEST illustrates _, which likely involves _.

Negative reinforcement is to _ as negative punishment is to _.

_ is to internal motivation as _ is to external motivation.