Exam 6: D: Learning

The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _________ .

A negative reinforcment takes place when a stimulus is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response.

A person originally feared great heights,such as standing on top of tall buildings.Now the person has also developed fears of flying in airplanes,standing on ladders,and even watching high-wire artists perform.These new fears are probably the result of _______.

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus?

Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning,that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________ and that the conditioned stimulus is the ___________.

A child is praised for using his fork instead of his fingers to eat some spaghetti.This is an example of __________ reinforcement.

Which two learning processes seem to be opposites?

In classical conditioning,one must pair the _______ before conditioning can occur.

Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behaviour will recur is __________.

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.

Positive reinforcement

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the conditioned stimulus?

In classical conditioning,when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response,the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a/an _______ stimulus.

In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the "Albert" experiment),what was the CS?

Which of the following is NOT negative reinforcement?

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.

A young girl is just learning to dress herself.At first,the parents call her a "big girl" just for putting on her clothes "frontwards," even if they are not buttoned.Then,they call her a "big girl" if she tries to button them--even if the buttons are not in the right holes.Then,they call her a "big girl" only if she buttons them correctly.They have been using:

In the experiment with Little Albert,the conditioned response was _______.

Thorndike conducted research on