Question 1

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.

Accepted Answer

A) Pavlov 
B) Watson 
C) Thorndike 
D) Skinner 
A) Pavlov 
B) Watson 
C) Thorndike 
D) Skinner

Question 2

This is the first exam you have ever taken in Professor Smith's class.You know nothing about her tests,and she has never done anything harmful to you or anyone else.Nonetheless,you are anxious about the test.Your anxiety in this situation is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) generalization. 
B) discrimination. 
C) backward conditioning. 
D) none of the above. 
A) generalization. 
B) discrimination. 
C) backward conditioning. 
D) none of the above.

Question 3

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned stimulus was _______.

Accepted Answer

A) the experimenter 
B) the laboratory 
C) the loud noise 
D) the rat 
A) the experimenter 
B) the laboratory 
C) the loud noise 
D) the rat

Question 4

Once conditioning has been acquired,presenting just the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus produces

Accepted Answer

A) extinction. 
B) generalization. 
C) a new conditioned response. 
D) spontaneous recovery. 
A) extinction. 
B) generalization. 
C) a new conditioned response. 
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 5

Of the following phenomena,which one best explains the spreading of phobias to objects similar to the one to which the phobia was originally acquired?

Accepted Answer

A) discrimination 
B) extinction 
C) generalization 
D) spontaneous recovery 
A) discrimination 
B) extinction 
C) generalization 
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 6

The 5-year-old child of two very busy parents has been throwing tantrums.Whenever the child goes off the deep end,one or both of his parents immediately come to his side and fuss over and cajole him.Nevertheless,his tantrums do not diminish;they even seem to increase.We may assume that his parents' fussing over him serves as _______.

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement 
B) punisher 
C) positive reinforcement 
D) model 
A) negative reinforcement 
B) punisher 
C) positive reinforcement 
D) model

Question 7

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) good grades 
B) a bar of candy 
C) attention 
D) a drink of water 
A) good grades 
B) a bar of candy 
C) attention 
D) a drink of water

Question 8

Pairing the US and CS is essential for _______ to occur.

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) classical conditioning 
C) operant conditioning 
D) shaping 
A) extinction 
B) classical conditioning 
C) operant conditioning 
D) shaping

Question 9

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) a bar of candy 
B) warm,physical contact 
C) money 
D) a drink of water 
A) a bar of candy 
B) warm,physical contact 
C) money 
D) a drink of water

Question 10

On a variable-interval schedule,reinforcement is given for the __________.

Accepted Answer

A) first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed 
B) first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed 
C) next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred 
D) next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred 
A) first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed 
B) first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed 
C) next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred 
D) next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred

Question 11

Negative reinforcement is best thought of as

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement for an undesirable activity. 
B) punishment. 
C) something that was predicted to serve as reinforcement but did not do so. 
D) stimuli whose termination or removal increases behaviour. 
A) reinforcement for an undesirable activity. 
B) punishment. 
C) something that was predicted to serve as reinforcement but did not do so. 
D) stimuli whose termination or removal increases behaviour.

Question 12

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Accepted Answer

A) blinking when air is blown into your eye 
B) blinking when you hear your favourite song 
C) your favourite song 
D) a puff of air to your eye 
A) blinking when air is blown into your eye 
B) blinking when you hear your favourite song 
C) your favourite song 
D) a puff of air to your eye

Question 13

Mom and Dad think it is really funny,and laugh when their 2-year-old,Bruce,says dirty words.When Bruce is sent home from kindergarten because of swearing,they don't understand why he cusses.Now when he cusses at home they ignore the cussing (they don't think it's cute anymore).Laughing in this example is

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) a negative reinforcer. 
C) a primary reinforcer. 
D) a neutral stimulus. 
A) positive reinforcement. 
B) a negative reinforcer. 
C) a primary reinforcer. 
D) a neutral stimulus.

Question 14

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A) the person lighting the firecrackers 
B) the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers 
C) the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers 
D) the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode 
A) the person lighting the firecrackers 
B) the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers 
C) the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers 
D) the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Question 15

Operant conditioning assumes that

Accepted Answer

A) events that follow behaviour affect whether the behaviour is repeated in the future. 
B) one's mental processes (e.g. ,memory and perception)mediate what behaviours one does in a situation. 
C) voluntary behaviours are reflexive. 
D) one learns by watching others' behaviour. 
A) events that follow behaviour affect whether the behaviour is repeated in the future. 
B) one's mental processes (e.g. ,memory and perception)mediate what behaviours one does in a situation. 
C) voluntary behaviours are reflexive. 
D) one learns by watching others' behaviour.

Question 16

Which of the following would be classified as a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) a sandwich 
B) the word good 
C) reduction of pain 
D) a drink of soda 
A) a sandwich 
B) the word good 
C) reduction of pain 
D) a drink of soda

Question 17

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behaviour change is called __________.

Accepted Answer

A) vicarious learning 
B) innate learning 
C) latent learning 
D) insight 
A) vicarious learning 
B) innate learning 
C) latent learning 
D) insight

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Punishment does not always work. 
B) The effectiveness of punishment depends solely on its force. 
C) Punishment should be applied intermittently. 
D) Punishment usually enhances the learning process. 
A) Punishment does not always work. 
B) The effectiveness of punishment depends solely on its force. 
C) Punishment should be applied intermittently. 
D) Punishment usually enhances the learning process.

Question 19

Mary arrives home to find her son washing the dirty dishes left from his party the night before.When she discovers his first-semester grade report on the table and sees that he got straight A's,Mary rewards him by relieving him of the unpleasant task of finishing the dishes.Which operant process does the example illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) extinction 
D) punishment 
A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) extinction 
D) punishment

Question 20

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.

Accepted Answer

A) acquisition of motivation 
B) relatively permanent behaviour change 
C) amplification of sensory stimuli 
D) delayed genetic behavioural contributions 
A) acquisition of motivation 
B) relatively permanent behaviour change 
C) amplification of sensory stimuli 
D) delayed genetic behavioural contributions

Exam 6: D: Learning

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.

This is the first exam you have ever taken in Professor Smith's class.You know nothing about her tests,and she has never done anything harmful to you or anyone else.Nonetheless,you are anxious about the test.Your anxiety in this situation is an example of

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned stimulus was _______.

Once conditioning has been acquired,presenting just the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus produces

Of the following phenomena,which one best explains the spreading of phobias to objects similar to the one to which the phobia was originally acquired?

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Pairing the US and CS is essential for _______ to occur.

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

On a variable-interval schedule,reinforcement is given for the __________.

Negative reinforcement is best thought of as

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Operant conditioning assumes that

Which of the following would be classified as a secondary reinforcer?

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behaviour change is called __________.

Which of the following statements is true?

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.

A: Introducing Psychological Science

B: Introducing Psychological Science

C: Introducing Psychological Science

D: Introducing Psychological Science

E: Introducing Psychological Science

A: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

B: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

C: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

D: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

E: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

A: Biological Psychology

B: Biological Psychology

C: Biological Psychology

D: Biological Psychology

E: Biological Psychology

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

C: Sensation and Perception

D: Sensation and Perception

E: Sensation and Perception

A: Consciousness

B: Consciousness

C: Consciousness

D: Consciousness

E: Consciousness

A: Learning

B: Learning

C: Learning

E: Learning

A: Memory

B: Memory

C: Memory

D: Memory

E: Memory

A: Thought and Language

B: Thought and Language

C: Thought and Language

D: Thought and Language

E: Thought and Language

A: Intelligence Testing

B: Intelligence Testing

C: Intelligence Testing

D: Intelligence Testing

E: Intelligence Testing

A: Lifespan Development

B: Lifespan Development

C: Lifespan Development

D: Lifespan Development

E: Lifespan Development

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

C: Motivation and Emotion

D: Motivation and Emotion

Emotivation and Emotion

A: Personality

B: Personality

C: Personality

D: Personality

E: Personality

A: Social Psychology

B: Social Psychology

C: Social Psychology

D: Social Psychology