Question 1

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20.What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

Accepted Answer

A) a variable-ratio schedule 
B) a fixed-ratio schedule 
C) a fixed-interval schedule 
D) a continuous schedule 
A) a variable-ratio schedule 
B) a fixed-ratio schedule 
C) a fixed-interval schedule 
D) a continuous schedule

Question 2

The abbreviation CS stands for _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) correlated stimulus 
C) conventional structure 
D) conditional situation 
A) conditioned stimulus 
B) correlated stimulus 
C) conventional structure 
D) conditional situation

Question 3

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) instinctive drift 
B) innate learning 
C) conditioned taste aversion 
D) conditioned emotional response 
A) instinctive drift 
B) innate learning 
C) conditioned taste aversion 
D) conditioned emotional response

Question 4

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up,even when behaviors are not reinforced,is called ______.

Accepted Answer

A) insight 
B) latent learning 
C) placebo learning 
D) innate learning 
A) insight 
B) latent learning 
C) placebo learning 
D) innate learning

Question 5

Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself.In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her in her joke-telling,Kelsey's dad might _______________.

Accepted Answer

A) offer her money 
B) applaud her appropriate behavior 
C) offer her praise for a job well done 
D) offer her a piece of candy 
A) offer her money 
B) applaud her appropriate behavior 
C) offer her praise for a job well done 
D) offer her a piece of candy

Question 6

The first time José sees a cat,his mother tells him,"That's a cat.Can you say cat?" He repeats the word gleefully,and his mother praises him.The next day,he is watching a cartoon and sees a tiger on the television.He points at the tiger and says,"Cat!" This is an example of ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) generalization 
B) spreading activation 
C) categorization 
D) discrimination 
A) generalization 
B) spreading activation 
C) categorization 
D) discrimination

Question 7

An important example of conditioned taste aversions might be ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) chemotherapy patients losing their appetites for food served around the same time they had their treatments 
B) farmers leaving out sheep meat laced with a nauseating substance for coyotes to find in hopes of teaching them not to eat sheep 
C) Both of these are examples of taste aversions. 
D) Neither of these are examples of conditioned taste aversions. 
A) chemotherapy patients losing their appetites for food served around the same time they had their treatments 
B) farmers leaving out sheep meat laced with a nauseating substance for coyotes to find in hopes of teaching them not to eat sheep 
C) Both of these are examples of taste aversions. 
D) Neither of these are examples of conditioned taste aversions.

Question 8

Which of the following processes occur in both operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) spontaneous recovery 
C) generalization 
D) all of these 
A) extinction 
B) spontaneous recovery 
C) generalization 
D) all of these

Question 9

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures.After the conditioning is established,the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears.Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days.When returned to the test situation,the conditioned response is seen again.The effect is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery 
B) higher-order conditioning 
C) extinction 
D) stimulus generalization 
A) spontaneous recovery 
B) higher-order conditioning 
C) extinction 
D) stimulus generalization

Question 10

One interesting thing about conditioned taste aversions is that birds differ from mammals in how they learn them.Birds seem more likely to learn the taste aversion to the appearance of the new food,rather than the smell.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lam

Accepted Answer

A) generalization 
B) discrimination 
C) latent learning 
D) insight learning 
A) generalization 
B) discrimination 
C) latent learning 
D) insight learning

Question 12

When Karawynn Long trained her cat Misha to use a toilet instead of a litter box,the last step in the training was teaching the cat to flush the toilet.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of _____________ to help gain control over biological functions.

Accepted Answer

A) sleep 
B) anxiety 
C) relaxation 
D) heightened awareness 
A) sleep 
B) anxiety 
C) relaxation 
D) heightened awareness

Question 14

The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some,but not all,correct responses ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) 
B) will be less resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) 
C) will be more variable in its resistance to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) 
D) will be totally resistant to extinction unlike a response that receives continuous reinforcement (areinforcer for each and every correct response) 
A) will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) 
B) will be less resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) 
C) will be more variable in its resistance to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) 
D) will be totally resistant to extinction unlike a response that receives continuous reinforcement (areinforcer for each and every correct response)

Question 15

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,the
________________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) presence of Alan near the aquarium 
B) fish swimming to the top 
C) aquarium light 
D) fish food 
A) presence of Alan near the aquarium 
B) fish swimming to the top 
C) aquarium light 
D) fish food

Question 16

After graduating from college,you are hired to work in a factory as an industrial psychologist.The workers put together IPODs.They can either be paid by the hour or by the number of IPODs they put together in a day.You decide that you will do the latter (pay by the number of IPODs put together).According to Skinner,you have put the workers on a fixed-ratio schedule.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell.You give the dog a biscuit,and then a second later you ring the bell.You do this several times,but no conditioning seems to occur.This is probably because ___________.

Accepted Answer

A) the bell was not a distinctive sound 
B) the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit 
C) you should have had a longer interval between the bell and the biscuit 
D) Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation 
A) the bell was not a distinctive sound 
B) the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit 
C) you should have had a longer interval between the bell and the biscuit 
D) Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time. 
B) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement. 
C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. 
D) Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time. 
A) Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time. 
B) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement. 
C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. 
D) Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time.

Question 19

Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday.Each week,the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams,demanding that they buy him treats.Although they refuse to give in to his demands,he continues to scream.Finally,either Mark or Kathy gets in their son's face and yells at the top of their lungs "Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly.What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?

Accepted Answer

A) The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son's screaming. 
B) The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage;their child's screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married. 
C) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming;their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming. 
D) Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home,and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. 
A) The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son's screaming. 
B) The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage;their child's screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married. 
C) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming;their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming. 
D) Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home,and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.

Question 20

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning,she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad.Over several weeks,she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys,immediately before leaving the house.Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) innate learning 
C) punishment by removal 
D) instinctive drift 
A) classical conditioning 
B) innate learning 
C) punishment by removal 
D) instinctive drift

Exam 4: A: Learning

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20.What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

The abbreviation CS stands for _____________.

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up,even when behaviors are not reinforced,is called ______.

Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself.In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her in her joke-telling,Kelsey's dad might _______________.

The first time José sees a cat,his mother tells him,"That's a cat.Can you say cat?" He repeats the word gleefully,and his mother praises him.The next day,he is watching a cartoon and sees a tiger on the television.He points at the tiger and says,"Cat!" This is an example of ____________.

An important example of conditioned taste aversions might be ____________.

Which of the following processes occur in both operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

One interesting thing about conditioned taste aversions is that birds differ from mammals in how they learn them.Birds seem more likely to learn the taste aversion to the appearance of the new food,rather than the smell.

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lam

When Karawynn Long trained her cat Misha to use a toilet instead of a litter box,the last step in the training was teaching the cat to flush the toilet.

A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of _____________ to help gain control over biological functions.

The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some,but not all,correct responses ____________.

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,the ________________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell.You give the dog a biscuit,and then a second later you ring the bell.You do this several times,but no conditioning seems to occur.This is probably because ___________.

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

A: The Science of Psychology

B: The Science of Psychology

C: The Science of Psychology

Appendix A: Statistics in Psychology

A: The Biological Perspective

B: The Biological Perspective

C: The Biological Perspective

Appendix B: Applied Psychology and Psychology Careers

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

C: Sensation and Perception

B: Learning

C: Learning

A: Memory

B: Memory

C: Memory

Appendix: Secrets for Surviving College: How to Improve Your Grades

A: Consciousness and Cognition

B: Consciousness and Cognition

C: Consciousness and Cognition

Development Across the Lifespan

A: Development Across the Lifespan

B: Development Across the Lifespan

C: Development Across the Lifespan

Motivation and Emotion

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

C: Motivation and Emotion

Stress and Health

A: Stress and Health

B: Stress and Health

C: Stress and Health

Social Psychology

A Social Psychology

B: Social Psychology

C: Social Psychology

Theories of Personality and Intelligence

A: Theories of Personality and Intelligence

B: Theories of Personality and Intelligence

C: Theories of Personality and Intelligence

Psychological Disorders

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

C: Psychological Disorders

Psychological Therapies

A: Psychological Therapies

B: Psychological Therapies

C: Psychological Therapies

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