Exam 2: Theories of Development

According to sociocultural theory, the _____ is an imaginary area surrounding the learner that contains the skills, knowledge, and concepts that are close to being grasped but not yet reached.

The foundation of cognitive theory is _____.

Regarding brain-imaging techniques, _____ shows that the brains of newborns are more active when they hear the language that their mother spoke when they were in the womb than when they hear another language.

List Piaget's four stages of cognitive development in order, and explain what Piaget believed facilitates intellectual advancement.

Most developmentalists prefer a(n) _____ perspective, choosing what they consider to be the best aspects of each theory.

The central thesis of _____ theory is that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society.

Baby Elijah is participating in a study in which scientists are examining areas of the brain that are activated when they are exposed to music, speech, and random noise. This test, called _____, requires the individual to be fitted with a special cap connected to electrodes.

Which of Erikson's stages did he regard as particularly crucial for later development?

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point, it was suggested to parents to postpone toilet training until the child was at least a year old to avoid serious personality problems later on. This view is most consistent with _____.

According to Bandura, _____ occurs when people copy what they see others do.

In Western cultures, it is a _____ for brides to wear white at their weddings.

According to John Watson, psychologists should only study observable behavior.

Dr. House is a neurologist who evaluates individuals who have experienced brain injuries or have suspected brain damage. Dr. House often has his patients undergo testing that allows measurement of myelin, neurons, and fluid in the brain. Dr. House utilizes _____ with his patients.

According to Freud, the first stage of psychosexual development during infancy is the anal stage.

Sociocultural theory is _____.

After visiting the doctor's office several times and receiving a shot each time, Erin now tenses and cries when her mother pulls into the doctor's parking lot. Erin's response is an example of _____ conditioning.

_____ theory was inspired by the input, programming, memory, and output of a computer.

Explain social learning theory. From where did this theory originate, and what does it emphasize? Next, describe the concept of modeling, and indicate at least three reasons that a model is likely to be copied.

Filial responsibility-the idea that adults should care for their aged parents-is a _____ in most cultures.

Which is the correct order of the stages of Freud's psychosexual theory, beginning with infancy and ending with adolescence?