Exam 2: Theories of Development

_____ theories bring an understanding of intellectual processes.

Chris is helpful and cooperative and takes care of his family and friends. Aaron is selfish and arrogant and puts his needs before those of his family and friends. Whose traits are likely to be selected for future generations in order to meet the evolutionary goals of humans?

Newer theories on development tend to be multicultural and multidisciplinary.

Critics of sociocultural theory argue that it is _____.

The process by which living creatures (including people) adjust to their environment is referred to as "_____."

_____ theory states that every individual learns many things through observation and imitation of other people.

Which cognitive theorist emphasized the cultural context?

_____ is a test that is used by clinicians who want to individualize treatment and monitor progress.

Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled members of society.

According to evolutionary theory, every species has two long-standing, biologically based drives: _____.

According to Piaget, when old ideas are restructured to include new experiences, it is called "_____."

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, many scientists believed that bumps on the head reflected intelligence and character, a theory known as _____.

The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is inner drives, motives, and unconscious needs.

Sally has a dog at home, so she knows about dogs. She is walking down the street and sees an animal walking toward her. The animal has four legs, fur, and a tail. Sally knows that these are characteristics of dogs. But the animal coming toward her is meowing, not barking. Sally's mom tells her that the animal is a cat. Now when Sally sees an animal with four legs, a tail, and fur, she will conclude it is a dog if it barks and a cat if it meows, illustrating Piaget's concept of "_____."

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development is the preoperational stage.

Maria believes that it is her choice whether she wants to breast-feed her infant daughter. Maria has decided that breast-feeding will be too difficult once she returns to work full-time, so she plans to use formula instead. Maria's beliefs are consistent with the _____ perspective.

Describe the two biologically-based drives associated with evolutionary theory, and explain how selective adaptation relates to this theory. Be sure to explain the process of selective adaptation in your answer.

Tim watches his father mow the lawn. After a few minutes, Tim takes a toy lawnmower and begins following his father, row by row. Tim is _____ his father's behavior.

The type of conditioning that Skinner identified is referred to as "_____ conditioning."

In her developmental psychology course, Avery learned about techniques that can be used to reduce problem behavior in young children. She in turn implemented some of these techniques in her job as a child-care supervisor. This demonstrates the idea that theories offer _____.