Question 1

Which of the following most accurately describes the hominoids (members of the superfamily Hominoidea)?

Accepted Answer

A)  humans and the extinct species more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees 
B)  modern humans only 
C)  modern humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos 
D)  all of the apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans, and gibbons 
A)  humans and the extinct species more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees 
B)  modern humans only 
C)  modern humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos 
D)  all of the apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans, and gibbons D

Question 2

How have the recent advances in sequencing ancient DNA altered our understanding of the evolutionary history of the hominin clade?

Accepted Answer

By working with large numbers of loci simultaneously, researchers can use advances in genetic sequencing and phylogenetic inference to infer the ancestral origin of individuals and reconstruct the historical relationships among ancestral groups. Analyses of this nature help us sketch out a story of human migrations around the globe.

Question 3

When using host-pathogen coevolution to study patterns of human migration, why do researchers study human-specific pathogens that transmit vertically as opposed to laterally?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vertical transmission (parent to offspring) provides a shared evolutionary history between host species and pathogen; the evolutionary history of the pathogen should reflect the human population it infects. Lateral transmission can be movement to an unrelated individual or an entirely different population or nonhuman reservoir. 
B)  Vertical transmission (from population to population) provides an evolutionary history between the host species and the pathogen, reflecting a broad range of evolution within the human population. Lateral transmission (parent to offspring) only provides information on a single lineage within the population. 
C)  Vertical transmission (sibling to sibling) provides a shared evolutionary history between host and pathogen; the evolutionary history of the pathogen should reflect the human population it infects. Lateral transmission can be movement to other subpopulations, distorting the data within the larger population. 
D)  Vertical transmission (between unrelated individuals) provides a broad evolutionary history of the population due to high rates of transmission of the pathogen within the population. Lateral transmission is movement to an entirely different population or nonhuman reservoir, so it would not provide a history of migratory patterns. 
A)  Vertical transmission (parent to offspring) provides a shared evolutionary history between host species and pathogen; the evolutionary history of the pathogen should reflect the human population it infects. Lateral transmission can be movement to an unrelated individual or an entirely different population or nonhuman reservoir. 
B)  Vertical transmission (from population to population) provides an evolutionary history between the host species and the pathogen, reflecting a broad range of evolution within the human population. Lateral transmission (parent to offspring) only provides information on a single lineage within the population. 
C)  Vertical transmission (sibling to sibling) provides a shared evolutionary history between host and pathogen; the evolutionary history of the pathogen should reflect the human population it infects. Lateral transmission can be movement to other subpopulations, distorting the data within the larger population. 
D)  Vertical transmission (between unrelated individuals) provides a broad evolutionary history of the population due to high rates of transmission of the pathogen within the population. Lateral transmission is movement to an entirely different population or nonhuman reservoir, so it would not provide a history of migratory patterns. A

Question 4

Briefly describe how the changed ecology of the African tropics may have favored the evolution of bipedalism in hominins.

Accepted Answer

The ecology of the African tropics chang

Question 5

Based on the figure, which statement most accurately describes the evolutionary changes in hominin dentition over time?

Accepted Answer

A)  a reduction and then loss of large canines in modern humans as compared to other apes, with overall reduction in size of teeth 
B)  overall spread of upper jaw with increased prominence of the canines in modern humans 
C)  wider spread of jaw with increased prominence of molars in modern humans 
D)  an increase in the size of the canines in modern humans with a wider lower jaw 
A)  a reduction and then loss of large canines in modern humans as compared to other apes, with overall reduction in size of teeth 
B)  overall spread of upper jaw with increased prominence of the canines in modern humans 
C)  wider spread of jaw with increased prominence of molars in modern humans 
D)  an increase in the size of the canines in modern humans with a wider lower jaw

Question 6

What is the underlying assumption of the "structure" method for analyzing multiple loci at the same time?

Accepted Answer

A)  It assumes that the number of genotypes under consideration comes from an unspecified number of distinct groups, each with its own characteristic allele frequencies. 
B)  It assumes that an undetermined number of genotypes come from a specified number of distinct groups, each with different allele frequencies. 
C)  It assumes that the set number of genotypes under consideration comes from a specified number of distinct groups, each with its own characteristic allele frequencies. 
D)  It assumes that the set number of genotypes under consideration comes from a specified number of distinct groups, each with different characteristic allele frequencies. 
A)  It assumes that the number of genotypes under consideration comes from an unspecified number of distinct groups, each with its own characteristic allele frequencies. 
B)  It assumes that an undetermined number of genotypes come from a specified number of distinct groups, each with different allele frequencies. 
C)  It assumes that the set number of genotypes under consideration comes from a specified number of distinct groups, each with its own characteristic allele frequencies. 
D)  It assumes that the set number of genotypes under consideration comes from a specified number of distinct groups, each with different characteristic allele frequencies.

Question 7

What did the identification of "mitochondrial Eve" tell us about human origins?

Accepted Answer

The identification of Eve helped researc

Question 8

How did the ecology of the African tropics change about 6 million years ago?

Accepted Answer

A)  This area experienced warming temperatures and regular rainfall patterns, resulting in a shift to tropical forest. 
B)  This area experienced warming temperatures and significantly reduced rainfall, resulting in the formation of the Sahara Desert. 
C)  This area experienced warming temperatures and a significant increase in rainfall, resulting in a shift to swampland. 
D)  This area experienced cooling temperatures and seasonal patterns of rainfall, resulting in a shift to savanna. 
A)  This area experienced warming temperatures and regular rainfall patterns, resulting in a shift to tropical forest. 
B)  This area experienced warming temperatures and significantly reduced rainfall, resulting in the formation of the Sahara Desert. 
C)  This area experienced warming temperatures and a significant increase in rainfall, resulting in a shift to swampland. 
D)  This area experienced cooling temperatures and seasonal patterns of rainfall, resulting in a shift to savanna.

Question 9

What was the major transition from archaic hominins to the genus Homo?

Accepted Answer

A)  increase in tooth size 
B)  increase in brain size 
C)  evolution of bipedalism 
D)  evolution of skull ridges 
A)  increase in tooth size 
B)  increase in brain size 
C)  evolution of bipedalism 
D)  evolution of skull ridges

Question 10

The phylogeny illustrated in the figure shows the relationships among 53 modern humans based on mitochondrial DNA. How does this phylogeny support the out-of-Africa hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

In the out-of-Africa hypothesis, humans

Question 11

Relate the pattern of modern human migration to the results of Green et al.'s research on interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans.

Accepted Answer

Modern humans migrated out of Africa, an

Question 12

Why does the process of deep coalescence result in incomplete lineage sorting?

Accepted Answer

A)  The coalescent event between alleles results in incomplete separation of the lineages. 
B)  The coalescent event between alleles predates the speciation event separating the lineages. 
C)  The coalescent event between alleles occurs simultaneously with the separation of the lineages. 
D)  The coalescent event between alleles postdates the speciation event separating the lineages. 
A)  The coalescent event between alleles results in incomplete separation of the lineages. 
B)  The coalescent event between alleles predates the speciation event separating the lineages. 
C)  The coalescent event between alleles occurs simultaneously with the separation of the lineages. 
D)  The coalescent event between alleles postdates the speciation event separating the lineages.

Question 13

Which of the following describes how Homo sapiens skulls differ physically from Homo heidelbergensis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Homo sapiens has a rounded cranium with larger brain size, a less pronounced chin, larger teeth, and reduced brow ridges. 
B)  Homo sapiens has a rounded cranium with smaller brain size, a pronounced chin, smaller teeth, and reduced brow ridges. 
C)  Homo sapiens has a rounded cranium with smaller brain size, a pronounced chin, smaller teeth, and prominent brow ridges. 
D)  Homo sapiens has a rounded cranium with larger brain size, a pronounced chin, smaller teeth, and reduced brow ridges. 
A)  Homo sapiens has a rounded cranium with larger brain size, a less pronounced chin, larger teeth, and reduced brow ridges. 
B)  Homo sapiens has a rounded cranium with smaller brain size, a pronounced chin, smaller teeth, and reduced brow ridges. 
C)  Homo sapiens has a rounded cranium with smaller brain size, a pronounced chin, smaller teeth, and prominent brow ridges. 
D)  Homo sapiens has a rounded cranium with larger brain size, a pronounced chin, smaller teeth, and reduced brow ridges.

Question 14

What did Richard Green et al. conclude from their study about interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans?

Accepted Answer

A)  They found that genomes of African humans do not contain Neanderthal-derived DNA, indicating that Neanderthals did not interbreed with modern humans after moving out of Africa. 
B)  They found that genomes of African humans do not contain Neanderthal-derived DNA, but 1% to 4% of the genome of typical non-African humans is derived from Neanderthals, indicating interbreeding. 
C)  They found that genomes of African humans contain 1% to 4% Neanderthal DNA, indicating that Neanderthal speciation occurred after humans left Africa and there was no interbreeding with modern humans. 
D)  They found no distinguishing differences in African and non-African DNA comparisons, indicating that Neanderthals were simply a phenotypically different population of modern humans and should not be considered a separate species. 
A)  They found that genomes of African humans do not contain Neanderthal-derived DNA, indicating that Neanderthals did not interbreed with modern humans after moving out of Africa. 
B)  They found that genomes of African humans do not contain Neanderthal-derived DNA, but 1% to 4% of the genome of typical non-African humans is derived from Neanderthals, indicating interbreeding. 
C)  They found that genomes of African humans contain 1% to 4% Neanderthal DNA, indicating that Neanderthal speciation occurred after humans left Africa and there was no interbreeding with modern humans. 
D)  They found no distinguishing differences in African and non-African DNA comparisons, indicating that Neanderthals were simply a phenotypically different population of modern humans and should not be considered a separate species.

Question 15

What is meant by describing modern human global migration as a "serial founder effect"?

Accepted Answer

A)  With each successive wave of migration into a new geographic area, each new population accumulated unique mutations, resulting in increased genetic diversity with distance from the population of origin. 
B)  With each successive wave of migration into a new geographic area, each new population represented a completely different set of unique alleles relative to the source population. 
C)  With each successive wave of migration into a new geographic area, each new population carried the same set of alleles, diverging from the source population only after accumulating unique mutations. 
D)  With each successive wave of migration into a new geographic area, each new population was a subset of the previous population, which resulted in reduced genetic diversity in the newly colonized region relative to the source region. 
A)  With each successive wave of migration into a new geographic area, each new population accumulated unique mutations, resulting in increased genetic diversity with distance from the population of origin. 
B)  With each successive wave of migration into a new geographic area, each new population represented a completely different set of unique alleles relative to the source population. 
C)  With each successive wave of migration into a new geographic area, each new population carried the same set of alleles, diverging from the source population only after accumulating unique mutations. 
D)  With each successive wave of migration into a new geographic area, each new population was a subset of the previous population, which resulted in reduced genetic diversity in the newly colonized region relative to the source region.

Question 16

Which statement accurately reflects the order of relationship between humans and the other apes, going from most closely related to most distantly related?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sister taxa with chimpanzees, then bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons 
B)  Sister taxa with chimpanzees and bonobos, then gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons 
C)  Sister taxa with chimpanzees and gorillas, then bonobos, orangutans, and gibbons 
D)  Sister taxa with chimpanzees and bonobos, then gibbons, gorillas, and orangutans 
A)  Sister taxa with chimpanzees, then bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons 
B)  Sister taxa with chimpanzees and bonobos, then gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons 
C)  Sister taxa with chimpanzees and gorillas, then bonobos, orangutans, and gibbons 
D)  Sister taxa with chimpanzees and bonobos, then gibbons, gorillas, and orangutans

Question 17

What physical features of the first hominins are more like the panin lineage rather than the hominin lineage?

Accepted Answer

A)  larger cranial capacity, fully bipedal locomotion 
B)  smaller braincase, dental anatomy 
C)  skull orientation, dental anatomy 
D)  small cranial capacity, opposable big toe 
A)  larger cranial capacity, fully bipedal locomotion 
B)  smaller braincase, dental anatomy 
C)  skull orientation, dental anatomy 
D)  small cranial capacity, opposable big toe

Question 18

What are the specific, distinguishing characteristics of the hominin lineage?

Accepted Answer

Characteristics include changes in denti

Question 19

Deep coalescence in molecular data is most likely when branches are ________ and population sizes are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  short; large 
B)  short; small 
C)  large; large 
D)  large; small 
A)  short; large 
B)  short; small 
C)  large; large 
D)  large; small

Question 20

Other than Homo sapiens, all Homo species went extinct by 30,000 years ago. However, a recent fossil discovery indicates one species may have survived until more recently. Which species is it?

Accepted Answer

A)  Homo habilis 
B)  Homo neanderthalensis 
C)  Homo naledi 
D)  Homo floresiensis 
A)  Homo habilis 
B)  Homo neanderthalensis 
C)  Homo naledi 
D)  Homo floresiensis

Which of the following most accurately describes the hominoids (members of the superfamily Hominoidea)?

How have the recent advances in sequencing ancient DNA altered our understanding of the evolutionary history of the hominin clade?

When using host-pathogen coevolution to study patterns of human migration, why do researchers study human-specific pathogens that transmit vertically as opposed to laterally?

Briefly describe how the changed ecology of the African tropics may have favored the evolution of bipedalism in hominins.

Based on the figure, which statement most accurately describes the evolutionary changes in hominin dentition over time?

What is the underlying assumption of the "structure" method for analyzing multiple loci at the same time?

What did the identification of "mitochondrial Eve" tell us about human origins?

How did the ecology of the African tropics change about 6 million years ago?

What was the major transition from archaic hominins to the genus Homo?

The phylogeny illustrated in the figure shows the relationships among 53 modern humans based on mitochondrial DNA. How does this phylogeny support the out-of-Africa hypothesis?

Relate the pattern of modern human migration to the results of Green et al.'s research on interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans.

Why does the process of deep coalescence result in incomplete lineage sorting?

Which of the following describes how Homo sapiens skulls differ physically from Homo heidelbergensis?

What did Richard Green et al. conclude from their study about interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans?

What is meant by describing modern human global migration as a "serial founder effect"?

Which statement accurately reflects the order of relationship between humans and the other apes, going from most closely related to most distantly related?

What physical features of the first hominins are more like the panin lineage rather than the hominin lineage?

What are the specific, distinguishing characteristics of the hominin lineage?

Deep coalescence in molecular data is most likely when branches are and population sizes are .

Other than Homo sapiens, all Homo species went extinct by 30,000 years ago. However, a recent fossil discovery indicates one species may have survived until more recently. Which species is it?

An Overview of Evolutionary Biology

Early Evolutionary Ideas and Darwin S Insight

Natural Selection

Phylogeny and Evolutionary History

Inferring Phylogeny

Transmission Genetics and the Sources of Genetic Variation

The Genetics of Populations

Evolution in Finite Populations

Evolution at Multiple Loci

Genome Evolution

The Origin and Evolution of Early Life

Major Transitions

Evolution and Development

Species and Speciation

Extinction and Evolutionary Trends

The Evolution of Sex

The Evolution of Sociality

Coevolution

Evolution and Medicine

Filters

Exam 19: Human Evolution

Which of the following most accurately describes the hominoids (members of the superfamily Hominoidea)?

How have the recent advances in sequencing ancient DNA altered our understanding of the evolutionary history of the hominin clade?

When using host-pathogen coevolution to study patterns of human migration, why do researchers study human-specific pathogens that transmit vertically as opposed to laterally?

Briefly describe how the changed ecology of the African tropics may have favored the evolution of bipedalism in hominins.

Based on the figure, which statement most accurately describes the evolutionary changes in hominin dentition over time?

What is the underlying assumption of the "structure" method for analyzing multiple loci at the same time?

What did the identification of "mitochondrial Eve" tell us about human origins?

How did the ecology of the African tropics change about 6 million years ago?

What was the major transition from archaic hominins to the genus Homo?

The phylogeny illustrated in the figure shows the relationships among 53 modern humans based on mitochondrial DNA. How does this phylogeny support the out-of-Africa hypothesis?

Relate the pattern of modern human migration to the results of Green et al.'s research on interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans.

Why does the process of deep coalescence result in incomplete lineage sorting?

Which of the following describes how Homo sapiens skulls differ physically from Homo heidelbergensis?

What did Richard Green et al. conclude from their study about interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans?

What is meant by describing modern human global migration as a "serial founder effect"?

Which statement accurately reflects the order of relationship between humans and the other apes, going from most closely related to most distantly related?

What physical features of the first hominins are more like the panin lineage rather than the hominin lineage?

What are the specific, distinguishing characteristics of the hominin lineage?

Deep coalescence in molecular data is most likely when branches are ________ and population sizes are ________.

Other than Homo sapiens, all Homo species went extinct by 30,000 years ago. However, a recent fossil discovery indicates one species may have survived until more recently. Which species is it?

An Overview of Evolutionary Biology

Early Evolutionary Ideas and Darwin S Insight

Natural Selection

Phylogeny and Evolutionary History

Inferring Phylogeny

Transmission Genetics and the Sources of Genetic Variation

The Genetics of Populations

Evolution in Finite Populations

Evolution at Multiple Loci

Genome Evolution

The Origin and Evolution of Early Life

Major Transitions

Evolution and Development

Species and Speciation

Extinction and Evolutionary Trends

The Evolution of Sex

The Evolution of Sociality

Coevolution

Evolution and Medicine

Filters

Deep coalescence in molecular data is most likely when branches are and population sizes are .