Question 1

A false impression of what other people are thinking,feeling or responding is what social psychologists call

Accepted Answer

A) an imaginary audience. 
B) social comparison. 
C) pluralistic ignorance. 
D) groupthink. 
A) an imaginary audience. 
B) social comparison. 
C) pluralistic ignorance. 
D) groupthink. C

Question 2

view of how groupthink symptoms contributed to the Iraq war.

Accepted Answer

Groupthink symptoms played a significant role in contributing to the Iraq war. Groupthink occurs when a group of people prioritize harmony and consensus over critical thinking and rational decision-making. In the case of the Iraq war, there were several symptoms of groupthink that were evident.

Firstly, there was a strong pressure for conformity within the group of policymakers and advisors involved in the decision to go to war. Dissenting opinions were often dismissed or ignored, leading to a lack of diverse perspectives being considered in the decision-making process.

Secondly, there was an illusion of invulnerability among the group, leading them to underestimate the potential risks and consequences of their actions. This led to an overly optimistic view of the potential outcomes of the war, without fully considering the potential negative impacts.

Thirdly, there was a belief in the inherent morality of the group's actions, leading to a justification of the war based on moral or ethical grounds rather than a thorough and objective assessment of the situation.

Finally, there was a collective rationalization of the group's decisions, with members downplaying or ignoring evidence that contradicted their beliefs and justifications for going to war.

Overall, these symptoms of groupthink contributed to a lack of critical evaluation and consideration of alternative perspectives, ultimately leading to the decision to go to war in Iraq. This highlights the dangers of groupthink in the context of important decision-making processes, particularly in matters of national security and international relations.

Question 3

According to social comparison theory,we are most persuaded by

Accepted Answer

A) experts. 
B) people in our reference group. 
C) people who hold opinions which are different than ours. 
D) leaders. 
A) experts. 
B) people in our reference group. 
C) people who hold opinions which are different than ours. 
D) leaders. B

Question 4

The text suggests that the extremism of terrorist organizations,such as those involved in the September 11th attacks on the United States,is very likely the result of the naturally occurring process of

Accepted Answer

A) group polarization. 
B) pluralistic ignorance. 
C) social loafing. 
D) social facilitation. 
A) group polarization. 
B) pluralistic ignorance. 
C) social loafing. 
D) social facilitation.

Question 5

The illusion of unanimity in a group is one aspect of

Accepted Answer

A) social facilitation. 
B) deindividuation. 
C) groupthink. 
D) rationalization. 
A) social facilitation. 
B) deindividuation. 
C) groupthink. 
D) rationalization.

Question 6

organized groups of prejudiced and nonprejudiced high school students and asked them to respond to issues involving racial attitudes,both before and after group discussion.Results showed that after within-group discussion,_______ became _______.

Accepted Answer

A) all students;more prejudiced 
B) all students;less prejudiced 
C) between-group differences;smaller 
D) between-group differences;greater 
A) all students;more prejudiced 
B) all students;less prejudiced 
C) between-group differences;smaller 
D) between-group differences;greater

Question 7

You are hesitant to ask questions in class because you assume everyone else understands and you would therefore seem foolish.Your thinking best exemplifies

Accepted Answer

A) groupthink. 
B) pluralistic ignorance. 
C) social loafing. 
D) self-handicapping. 
A) groupthink. 
B) pluralistic ignorance. 
C) social loafing. 
D) self-handicapping.

Question 8

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself to others is called

Accepted Answer

A) informational influence processing. 
B) normative influence processing. 
C) the reactance theory. 
D) the social comparison theory. 
A) informational influence processing. 
B) normative influence processing. 
C) the reactance theory. 
D) the social comparison theory.

Question 9

Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink?

Accepted Answer

A) "Our critics are not very smart." 
B) "Our past decisions have always been right." 
C) "Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed." 
D) "It seems to me we are all in agreement on this,so let's proceed." 
A) "Our critics are not very smart." 
B) "Our past decisions have always been right." 
C) "Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed." 
D) "It seems to me we are all in agreement on this,so let's proceed."

Question 10

The fact that people associate mostly with others whose attitudes are similar to their own,suggests the prevalence of naturally occurring

Accepted Answer

A) social facilitation. 
B) groupthink. 
C) minority influence. 
D) group polarization. 
A) social facilitation. 
B) groupthink. 
C) minority influence. 
D) group polarization.

Question 11

On what issues do persuasive arguments sway responses?

Accepted Answer

A) issues that have a factual element. 
B) moderate,rather than severe,issues. 
C) value-laden judgments. 
D) complex,rather than simple issues. 
A) issues that have a factual element. 
B) moderate,rather than severe,issues. 
C) value-laden judgments. 
D) complex,rather than simple issues.

Question 12

Individuals who believe that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized meet to discuss the issue.Research on group interaction suggests that after the discussion the individuals will be

Accepted Answer

A) more likely to question the wisdom of legalizing physician-assisted suicides. 
B) even more convinced that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized. 
C) sharply divided over whether physician-assisted suicides should be legalized. 
D) opposed to the legalization of physician-assisted suicides. 
A) more likely to question the wisdom of legalizing physician-assisted suicides. 
B) even more convinced that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized. 
C) sharply divided over whether physician-assisted suicides should be legalized. 
D) opposed to the legalization of physician-assisted suicides.

Question 13

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

Accepted Answer

A) "We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue." 
B) "Joe,why don't you play devil's advocate and challenge the course of action most of us seem to prefer?" 
C) "I think we need some outsiders to come in and critique our decision before we proceed." 
D) "We have made some stupid mistakes in the past.Let's work carefully to not make the same errors again." 
A) "We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue." 
B) "Joe,why don't you play devil's advocate and challenge the course of action most of us seem to prefer?" 
C) "I think we need some outsiders to come in and critique our decision before we proceed." 
D) "We have made some stupid mistakes in the past.Let's work carefully to not make the same errors again."

Question 14

List and describe each of the symptoms of groupthink.

Accepted Answer

Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon

Question 15

Julio is a directive leader of a highly cohesive student group on campus.When discussing important policy decisions,the group will be at greatest risk for groupthink if it is also

Accepted Answer

A) isolated from dissenting viewpoints. 
B) composed of majority and minority students. 
C) well-informed regarding both sides of the issue. 
D) aware of the dangers of making wrong decisions. 
A) isolated from dissenting viewpoints. 
B) composed of majority and minority students. 
C) well-informed regarding both sides of the issue. 
D) aware of the dangers of making wrong decisions.

Question 16

The fact that active participation in discussion produces more polarization is best explained by

Accepted Answer

A) informational influence processes. 
B) normative influence processes. 
C) the cognitive miser theory. 
D) a decrease in pluralistic ignorance. 
A) informational influence processes. 
B) normative influence processes. 
C) the cognitive miser theory. 
D) a decrease in pluralistic ignorance.

Question 17

suggested that the Internet is an effective means to rally like-minded people and mobilize lethal consequences,such as recruiting individuals for terror organizations.Which concept in social psychology best explains this trend?

Accepted Answer

A) group polarization 
B) pluralistic ignorance 
C) social loafing 
D) social facilitation 
A) group polarization 
B) pluralistic ignorance 
C) social loafing 
D) social facilitation

Question 18

Maggie favors the death penalty.In discussing this issue with some like-minded classmates,she hears arguments for this position that she has never considered before.After the discussion,her opinion is more extreme.This outcome is best explained by

Accepted Answer

A) informational influence processes. 
B) normative influence processes. 
C) the reactance theory. 
D) the social comparison theory. 
A) informational influence processes. 
B) normative influence processes. 
C) the reactance theory. 
D) the social comparison theory.

Question 19

,it is human nature to want to evaluate our opinions by

Accepted Answer

A) comparing ourselves with others. 
B) designing everyday tests of validity. 
C) engaging in frequent introspection. 
D) actively studying the results of scientific research. 
A) comparing ourselves with others. 
B) designing everyday tests of validity. 
C) engaging in frequent introspection. 
D) actively studying the results of scientific research.

Question 20

According to the text,groupthink symptoms can be viewed as a form of dissonance reduction as group members

Accepted Answer

A) try to maintain their positive group feelings. 
B) try to persuade other group members of their opinions. 
C) underestimate their group's might. 
D) discuss their group's vulnerability. 
A) try to maintain their positive group feelings. 
B) try to persuade other group members of their opinions. 
C) underestimate their group's might. 
D) discuss their group's vulnerability.

Exam 20: How Do Groups Intensify Decisions

A false impression of what other people are thinking,feeling or responding is what social psychologists call

view of how groupthink symptoms contributed to the Iraq war.

According to social comparison theory,we are most persuaded by

The text suggests that the extremism of terrorist organizations,such as those involved in the September 11th attacks on the United States,is very likely the result of the naturally occurring process of

The illusion of unanimity in a group is one aspect of

organized groups of prejudiced and nonprejudiced high school students and asked them to respond to issues involving racial attitudes,both before and after group discussion.Results showed that after within-group discussion,_______ became _______.

You are hesitant to ask questions in class because you assume everyone else understands and you would therefore seem foolish.Your thinking best exemplifies

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself to others is called

Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink?

The fact that people associate mostly with others whose attitudes are similar to their own,suggests the prevalence of naturally occurring

On what issues do persuasive arguments sway responses?

Individuals who believe that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized meet to discuss the issue.Research on group interaction suggests that after the discussion the individuals will be

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

List and describe each of the symptoms of groupthink.

Julio is a directive leader of a highly cohesive student group on campus.When discussing important policy decisions,the group will be at greatest risk for groupthink if it is also

The fact that active participation in discussion produces more polarization is best explained by

suggested that the Internet is an effective means to rally like-minded people and mobilize lethal consequences,such as recruiting individuals for terror organizations.Which concept in social psychology best explains this trend?

Maggie favors the death penalty.In discussing this issue with some like-minded classmates,she hears arguments for this position that she has never considered before.After the discussion,her opinion is more extreme.This outcome is best explained by

,it is human nature to want to evaluate our opinions by

According to the text,groupthink symptoms can be viewed as a form of dissonance reduction as group members

Doing Social Psychology

Did You Know It All Along

Self-Concept: Who Am I

Self-Serving Bias

The Power of Positive Thinking

The Fundamental Attribution Error

The Powers and Perils of Intuition

Reasons for Unreason

Behavior and Belief

Clinical Intuition

Clinical Therapy: the Powers of Social Cognition

Human Nature and Cultural Diversity

Gender, Genes, and Culture

How Nice People Get Corrupted

Two Routes to Persuasion

Indoctrination and Inoculation

The Mere Presence of Others

Many Hands Make Diminished Responsibility

Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone

Power to the Person

The Reach of Prejudice

The Roots of Prejudice

The Nature and Nurture of Aggression

Does the Media Influence Social Behavior

Who Likes Whom

The Ups and Downs of Love

Causes of Conflict

Blessed Are the Peacemakers

When Do People Help

Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

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The text suggests that the extremism of terrorist organizations,such as those involved in the September 11^th attacks on the United States,is very likely the result of the naturally occurring process of

organized groups of prejudiced and nonprejudiced high school students and asked them to respond to issues involving racial attitudes,both before and after group discussion.Results showed that after within-group discussion,_ became _.