Question 1

A set of behavioral expectations for males or females defines gender

Accepted Answer

A) type. 
B) role. 
C) identity. 
D) position. 
A) type. 
B) role. 
C) identity. 
D) position. B

Question 2

Explain the hindsight criticism of evolutionary psychology.Provide an example of this type of thinking in evolutionary psychology.

Accepted Answer

The hindsight criticism of evolutionary psychology is the idea that it is easy to come up with explanations for behavior after the fact, but these explanations may not be accurate or scientifically valid. This criticism suggests that evolutionary psychologists may be prone to making post-hoc explanations for behavior that fit with evolutionary theory, without sufficient evidence to support these claims.

An example of this type of thinking in evolutionary psychology is the explanation for the behavior of jealousy. Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that jealousy evolved as a way to protect against the risk of infidelity and ensure the survival of one's genes. However, this explanation has been criticized for being based on hindsight reasoning, as it is difficult to prove that jealousy specifically evolved for this purpose. Critics argue that there may be other social or cultural factors that contribute to the experience of jealousy, and that evolutionary psychology may be too quick to attribute behavior to evolutionary adaptations without considering alternative explanations.

Question 3

Discuss cultural versus evolutionary explanations for gender differences in aggressiveness.Given the implications of this theory,what do you suggest for reducing aggression in our society?

Accepted Answer

Cultural explanations for gender differences in aggressiveness suggest that societal norms and expectations play a significant role in shaping behavior. These explanations argue that boys and girls are socialized differently from a young age, with boys being encouraged to be more assertive and competitive, while girls are taught to be more nurturing and cooperative. This socialization leads to the development of gender-specific behaviors, including aggressiveness.

On the other hand, evolutionary explanations for gender differences in aggressiveness propose that biological factors, such as hormones and genetics, contribute to the development of aggressive behavior. These explanations suggest that men may have evolved to be more aggressive as a result of their role as hunters and protectors in early human societies, while women may have evolved to be more nurturing and less aggressive in order to care for offspring.

The implications of these theories are significant, as they suggest that gender differences in aggressiveness are deeply ingrained and may be difficult to change. However, there are steps that can be taken to reduce aggression in our society.

One suggestion is to challenge traditional gender norms and expectations, and promote more gender-neutral socialization practices. This could involve encouraging boys and girls to engage in a wider range of activities and behaviors, and teaching them to express their emotions in healthy ways. Additionally, promoting empathy and conflict resolution skills in both boys and girls can help reduce aggressive behavior.

Furthermore, addressing societal factors such as poverty, inequality, and access to resources can also help reduce aggression, as these factors can contribute to feelings of frustration and hopelessness, which may lead to aggressive behavior.

Overall, reducing aggression in our society requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses both cultural and evolutionary factors, and promotes more equitable and nurturing environments for all individuals.

Question 4

Which of the following is false?

Accepted Answer

A) Women are more likely to cry at another's distress. 
B) Girls react with more empathy when told stories than boys. 
C) Women find friendships with other women more intimate than friendships with men. 
D) Men find friendships with other men more enjoyable than friendships with women. 
A) Women are more likely to cry at another's distress. 
B) Girls react with more empathy when told stories than boys. 
C) Women find friendships with other women more intimate than friendships with men. 
D) Men find friendships with other men more enjoyable than friendships with women.

Question 5

You read about an unsolved murder in the newspaper.Given what you have learned in social psychology,you can reasonably predict a(n)_______ committed the murder.

Accepted Answer

A) man 
B) woman 
C) provoked individual 
D) innocent bystander 
A) man 
B) woman 
C) provoked individual 
D) innocent bystander

Question 6

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for

Accepted Answer

A) hindsight biases. 
B) unethical treatment of human participants. 
C) the use of unrepresentative samples. 
D) functional fixedness. 
A) hindsight biases. 
B) unethical treatment of human participants. 
C) the use of unrepresentative samples. 
D) functional fixedness.

Question 7

According to a 2003 Gallup poll,___% of American men and ___% of American women reported having cried as a result of the war in Iraq.

Accepted Answer

A) 10;0 
B) 0;10 
C) 12;43 
D) 43;12 
A) 10;0 
B) 0;10 
C) 12;43 
D) 43;12

Question 8

Out of the 44 countries surveyed in a 2003 Pew Global Attitudes survey,how many countries agreed that life was more satisfying when both spouses work and share child care?

Accepted Answer

A) 30 
B) 20 
C) 41 
D) 9 
A) 30 
B) 20 
C) 41 
D) 9

Question 9

When faced with stress,women are more likely than men to

Accepted Answer

A) flee. 
B) fight. 
C) befriend. 
D) collapse. 
A) flee. 
B) fight. 
C) befriend. 
D) collapse.

Question 10

reported that _______ tend to gravitate toward jobs that reduce inequalities,such as a public defender.

Accepted Answer

A) the young 
B) the elderly 
C) men 
D) women 
A) the young 
B) the elderly 
C) men 
D) women

Question 11

When a 1990 Gallup survey asked respondents whether upbringing or biology accounted for gender differences,

Accepted Answer

A) most said "upbringing." 
B) most said "biology." 
C) nearly equal numbers said "upbringing" and "biology." 
D) most men said "biology," and most women said "upbringing." 
A) most said "upbringing." 
B) most said "biology." 
C) nearly equal numbers said "upbringing" and "biology." 
D) most men said "biology," and most women said "upbringing."

Question 12

Both men and women desire _______ in their relationships.

Accepted Answer

A) youth 
B) beauty 
C) kindness and love 
D) resources and protection 
A) youth 
B) beauty 
C) kindness and love 
D) resources and protection

Question 13

Evolutionary psychologists take credit for predicting and confirming that

Accepted Answer

A) memories retain survival-relevant information. 
B) gender generates jealousy. 
C) we are most likely to help members of the opposite sex. 
D) we favor others who share our genes. 
A) memories retain survival-relevant information. 
B) gender generates jealousy. 
C) we are most likely to help members of the opposite sex. 
D) we favor others who share our genes.

Question 14

A relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology)depends on another factor (such as environment)is the definition of

Accepted Answer

A) competition. 
B) interaction. 
C) interpolation. 
D) reciprocation. 
A) competition. 
B) interaction. 
C) interpolation. 
D) reciprocation.

Question 15

Evolutionary explanations of gender differences have been criticized because they

Accepted Answer

A) underestimate the role of genetic factors. 
B) do not explain cultural changes in behavior that occur over relatively short periods of time. 
C) deny the role of hormonal factors. 
D) rely too heavily on the experimental method in testing hypotheses. 
A) underestimate the role of genetic factors. 
B) do not explain cultural changes in behavior that occur over relatively short periods of time. 
C) deny the role of hormonal factors. 
D) rely too heavily on the experimental method in testing hypotheses.

Question 16

theorized that in adult life,the immediate causes of gender differences in social behavior are

Accepted Answer

A) the roles that reflect a sexual division of labor. 
B) biologically-based differences in power and aggressiveness. 
C) learned habits reinforced by social rewards like affection. 
D) rules and laws that legislate and maintain the status quo. 
A) the roles that reflect a sexual division of labor. 
B) biologically-based differences in power and aggressiveness. 
C) learned habits reinforced by social rewards like affection. 
D) rules and laws that legislate and maintain the status quo.

Question 17

Much of the style we attribute to men is

Accepted Answer

A) based on genetics. 
B) viewed as submissive in nature. 
C) typical of people of both sexes of higher status and power. 
D) typical of people in lower status and power. 
A) based on genetics. 
B) viewed as submissive in nature. 
C) typical of people of both sexes of higher status and power. 
D) typical of people in lower status and power.

Question 18

The male-to-female arrest ratio for murder in the United States is

Accepted Answer

A) 80 to 1. 
B) 50 to 1. 
C) 8 to 1. 
D) 2 to 1. 
A) 80 to 1. 
B) 50 to 1. 
C) 8 to 1. 
D) 2 to 1.

Question 19

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that males are sexually assertive while females are more selective of sexual partners because

Accepted Answer

A) males outnumber females. 
B) each strategy is likely to promote gene survival. 
C) males and females are socialized differently. 
D) of differences in brain chemistry. 
A) males outnumber females. 
B) each strategy is likely to promote gene survival. 
C) males and females are socialized differently. 
D) of differences in brain chemistry.

Question 20

Which of the following is false with regard to conversations with men and women?

Accepted Answer

A) women's conversations last longer than men's. 
B) men's conversations focus more on tasks than women's conversations. 
C) woman focus more on connections with large groups than men. 
D) men spend more time texting than women. 
A) women's conversations last longer than men's. 
B) men's conversations focus more on tasks than women's conversations. 
C) woman focus more on connections with large groups than men. 
D) men spend more time texting than women.

Exam 13: Gender, Genes, and Culture

A set of behavioral expectations for males or females defines gender

Explain the hindsight criticism of evolutionary psychology.Provide an example of this type of thinking in evolutionary psychology.

Discuss cultural versus evolutionary explanations for gender differences in aggressiveness.Given the implications of this theory,what do you suggest for reducing aggression in our society?

Which of the following is false?

You read about an unsolved murder in the newspaper.Given what you have learned in social psychology,you can reasonably predict a(n)_______ committed the murder.

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for

According to a 2003 Gallup poll,___% of American men and ___% of American women reported having cried as a result of the war in Iraq.

Out of the 44 countries surveyed in a 2003 Pew Global Attitudes survey,how many countries agreed that life was more satisfying when both spouses work and share child care?

When faced with stress,women are more likely than men to

reported that _______ tend to gravitate toward jobs that reduce inequalities,such as a public defender.

When a 1990 Gallup survey asked respondents whether upbringing or biology accounted for gender differences,

Both men and women desire _______ in their relationships.

Evolutionary psychologists take credit for predicting and confirming that

A relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology)depends on another factor (such as environment)is the definition of

Evolutionary explanations of gender differences have been criticized because they

theorized that in adult life,the immediate causes of gender differences in social behavior are

Much of the style we attribute to men is

The male-to-female arrest ratio for murder in the United States is

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that males are sexually assertive while females are more selective of sexual partners because

Which of the following is false with regard to conversations with men and women?

Doing Social Psychology

Did You Know It All Along

Self-Concept: Who Am I

Self-Serving Bias

The Power of Positive Thinking

The Fundamental Attribution Error

The Powers and Perils of Intuition

Reasons for Unreason

Behavior and Belief

Clinical Intuition

Clinical Therapy: the Powers of Social Cognition

Human Nature and Cultural Diversity

How Nice People Get Corrupted

Two Routes to Persuasion

Indoctrination and Inoculation

The Mere Presence of Others

Many Hands Make Diminished Responsibility

Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone

How Do Groups Intensify Decisions

Power to the Person

The Reach of Prejudice

The Roots of Prejudice

The Nature and Nurture of Aggression

Does the Media Influence Social Behavior

Who Likes Whom

The Ups and Downs of Love

Causes of Conflict

Blessed Are the Peacemakers

When Do People Help

Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

Filters

According to a 2003 Gallup poll,_% of American men and _% of American women reported having cried as a result of the war in Iraq.