Question 1

What is the looking method that is used when testing infants?

Accepted Answer

The looking method commonly used when testing infants is known as "preferential looking" or "visual preference paradigm." This method is based on the principle that infants will look longer at stimuli that they find more interesting or novel. Researchers present infants with different visual stimuli to see which one they prefer, as indicated by the amount of time they spend looking at each one.

Another variation of this method is the "habituation-dishabituation" procedure. In this approach, an infant is repeatedly shown the same stimulus until their looking time decreases, indicating that they have become habituated or used to it. Then, a new stimulus is introduced. If the infant's looking time increases, it suggests that they notice the difference and find the new stimulus interesting, demonstrating their ability to discriminate between the old and new stimuli.

These methods are non-invasive and rely on the natural tendency of infants to look at things, making them particularly suitable for studying the cognitive and perceptual abilities of young children who cannot yet speak or follow complex instructions.

Question 2

Children tend to organize their knowledge of furniture in their home by room at age _____ years and by furniture category at age _____ years.

Accepted Answer

A)  5; 10 
B)  10; 5 
C)  16; 10 
D)  10; 16 
A)  5; 10 
B)  10; 5 
C)  16; 10 
D)  10; 16 C

Question 3

How does semantic memory change in old age?

Accepted Answer

A)  It shrinks. 
B)  It continues to develop. 
C)  It becomes rearranged. 
D)  It shows smaller priming effects. 
A)  It shrinks. 
B)  It continues to develop. 
C)  It becomes rearranged. 
D)  It shows smaller priming effects. B

Question 4

In old age, memory is ________ influenced by context information and there is ________ emphasis on emotional information.

Accepted Answer

A)  less; decreased 
B)  less; greater 
C)  more; decreased 
D)  more; greater 
A)  less; decreased 
B)  less; greater 
C)  more; decreased 
D)  more; greater

Question 5

Which part(s) of the brain is(are) less developed at birth?

Accepted Answer

A)  frontal lobes 
B)  medial temporal lobes 
C)  thalamus 
D)  brain stem 
A)  frontal lobes 
B)  medial temporal lobes 
C)  thalamus 
D)  brain stem

Question 6

People begin using abstract categories around ______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  3-4 months of age 
B)  9-12 months of age 
C)  2-3 years of age 
D)  5 years of age 
A)  3-4 months of age 
B)  9-12 months of age 
C)  2-3 years of age 
D)  5 years of age

Question 7

What is one of the things that changes in memory as people get older?

Accepted Answer

A)  There are large declines in recognition memory. 
B)  Temporal lobes excessively degrade. 
C)  Source memory is less reliable. 
D)  Encoding specificity is more prominent. 
A)  There are large declines in recognition memory. 
B)  Temporal lobes excessively degrade. 
C)  Source memory is less reliable. 
D)  Encoding specificity is more prominent.

Question 8

According to the speed theory of memory and aging, slower processing can cause __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  delayed interference effects over time 
B)  confusion with multiple process stage end products 
C)  decreases in the accessibility of information in working memory 
D)  an inability to complete processes in time 
A)  delayed interference effects over time 
B)  confusion with multiple process stage end products 
C)  decreases in the accessibility of information in working memory 
D)  an inability to complete processes in time

Question 9

At what age can an infant remember to reproduce a previously observed action, showing the use of episodic memory, using the elicited imitations paradigm?

Accepted Answer

A)  at birth 
B)  3 months 
C)  6 months 
D)  9 months 
A)  at birth 
B)  3 months 
C)  6 months 
D)  9 months

Question 10

Which of the following is a change that may occur in older adults as an attempt to compensate for declines in neural functioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  faster cerebellar activation 
B)  slower cerebellar activation 
C)  decreased lateralization 
D)  increased lateralization 
A)  faster cerebellar activation 
B)  slower cerebellar activation 
C)  decreased lateralization 
D)  increased lateralization

Question 11

Older adults are better than younger adults at remembering __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the situations to which news stories refer 
B)  verbatim memory 
C)  things that happened in their 20s 
D)  mood incongruent information 
A)  the situations to which news stories refer 
B)  verbatim memory 
C)  things that happened in their 20s 
D)  mood incongruent information

Question 12

Babies can make distinctions between superordinate categories like "animals" and "vehicles" at __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  around 5 months of age 
B)  around 9 months of age 
C)  around 14 months of age 
D)  around 2 years of age 
A)  around 5 months of age 
B)  around 9 months of age 
C)  around 14 months of age 
D)  around 2 years of age

Question 13

What is the positivity effect found with old age?

Accepted Answer

A)  a positive increase in the rate of forgetting 
B)  decreased memory for positive events 
C)  increased certainty in memory change over time 
D)  an old-age-related emphasis on positive information 
A)  a positive increase in the rate of forgetting 
B)  decreased memory for positive events 
C)  increased certainty in memory change over time 
D)  an old-age-related emphasis on positive information

Question 14

At what age can infants make basic category decisions, such as the difference between dogs and cats?

Accepted Answer

A)  1-2 months 
B)  3-4 months 
C)  10-12 months 
D)  12-14 months 
A)  1-2 months 
B)  3-4 months 
C)  10-12 months 
D)  12-14 months

Question 15

What metamemory changes occur in children?

Accepted Answer

Metamemory changes occur in children as

Question 16

All the following change as a function of age, EXCEPT __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  source monitoring 
B)  hypermnesia 
C)  reminiscence 
D)  metamemory 
A)  source monitoring 
B)  hypermnesia 
C)  reminiscence 
D)  metamemory

Question 17

Changes in self-initiated processing in older adults can be attributed to changes in __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the frontal lobes 
B)  decreased numbers of mitochondria 
C)  slower metabolisms 
D)  the older adults' shuffling gait 
A)  the frontal lobes 
B)  decreased numbers of mitochondria 
C)  slower metabolisms 
D)  the older adults' shuffling gait

Question 18

Working memory span __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases as a child ages 
B)  decreases as a child ages 
C)  remains stable as a child ages 
D)  is negligible in childhood 
A)  increases as a child ages 
B)  decreases as a child ages 
C)  remains stable as a child ages 
D)  is negligible in childhood

Question 19

What parts of the brain, critical to memory, are less developed at birth?

Accepted Answer

At birth, several parts of the brain tha

Question 20

How does process speed change as a person moves from infancy to childhood?

Accepted Answer

A)  It increases. 
B)  It decreases. 
C)  It stays steady. 
D)  There is no way to adequately measure this. 
A)  It increases. 
B)  It decreases. 
C)  It stays steady. 
D)  There is no way to adequately measure this.

What is the looking method that is used when testing infants?

Children tend to organize their knowledge of furniture in their home by room at age _ years and by furniture category at age _ years.

How does semantic memory change in old age?

In old age, memory is influenced by context information and there is emphasis on emotional information.

Which part(s) of the brain is(are) less developed at birth?

People begin using abstract categories around ______________.

What is one of the things that changes in memory as people get older?

According to the speed theory of memory and aging, slower processing can cause __________.

At what age can an infant remember to reproduce a previously observed action, showing the use of episodic memory, using the elicited imitations paradigm?

Which of the following is a change that may occur in older adults as an attempt to compensate for declines in neural functioning?

Older adults are better than younger adults at remembering __________.

Babies can make distinctions between superordinate categories like "animals" and "vehicles" at __________.

What is the positivity effect found with old age?

At what age can infants make basic category decisions, such as the difference between dogs and cats?

What metamemory changes occur in children?

All the following change as a function of age, EXCEPT __________.

Changes in self-initiated processing in older adults can be attributed to changes in __________.

Working memory span __________.

What parts of the brain, critical to memory, are less developed at birth?

How does process speed change as a person moves from infancy to childhood?

Overview and History

Neuropsychology of Memory

Methods and Principles

Sensory and Short-Term Memory

Working Memory

Nondeclarative Memory

Episodic Memory

Memory for Space and Time

Semantic Memory

Formal Models of Memory

Autobiographical Memory

Memory and Reality

Memory and the Law

Metamemory

Amnesia

Other Conditions That Affect Memory

Filters

Exam 15: Development

What is the looking method that is used when testing infants?

Children tend to organize their knowledge of furniture in their home by room at age _____ years and by furniture category at age _____ years.

How does semantic memory change in old age?

In old age, memory is ________ influenced by context information and there is ________ emphasis on emotional information.

Which part(s) of the brain is(are) less developed at birth?

People begin using abstract categories around ______________.

What is one of the things that changes in memory as people get older?

According to the speed theory of memory and aging, slower processing can cause __________.

At what age can an infant remember to reproduce a previously observed action, showing the use of episodic memory, using the elicited imitations paradigm?

Which of the following is a change that may occur in older adults as an attempt to compensate for declines in neural functioning?

Older adults are better than younger adults at remembering __________.

Babies can make distinctions between superordinate categories like "animals" and "vehicles" at __________.

What is the positivity effect found with old age?

At what age can infants make basic category decisions, such as the difference between dogs and cats?

What metamemory changes occur in children?

All the following change as a function of age, EXCEPT __________.

Changes in self-initiated processing in older adults can be attributed to changes in __________.

Working memory span __________.

What parts of the brain, critical to memory, are less developed at birth?

How does process speed change as a person moves from infancy to childhood?

Overview and History

Neuropsychology of Memory

Methods and Principles

Sensory and Short-Term Memory

Working Memory

Nondeclarative Memory

Episodic Memory

Memory for Space and Time

Semantic Memory

Formal Models of Memory

Autobiographical Memory

Memory and Reality

Memory and the Law

Metamemory

Amnesia

Other Conditions That Affect Memory

Filters

Children tend to organize their knowledge of furniture in their home by room at age _ years and by furniture category at age _ years.

In old age, memory is influenced by context information and there is emphasis on emotional information.