Question 1

Herd immunity

Accepted Answer

A) only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune. 
B) occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune. 
C) only provides protection to those that are already immune. 
D) is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
E) occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune AND is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
A) only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune. 
B) occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune. 
C) only provides protection to those that are already immune. 
D) is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
E) occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune AND is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases.

Question 2

What would be a primary advantage of passive immunity with diseases such as tetanus or botulism?

Accepted Answer

A) Time.You can quickly neutralize the toxin with a passive administration of antibodies to save the patient's life when no is available for them to make their own active immune response. 
B) Cost.It's far cheaper to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively-immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
C) Safety of delivery.It's far safer to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively-immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
D) Handling of treatment.It's difficult to keep vaccines stored properly to keep their potency, especially in 3rd world countries without adequate 'cold chains' for transport into jungles and deserts.It's much easier to keep a batch of antibodies stable, even in extremes of heat and humidity. 
A) Time.You can quickly neutralize the toxin with a passive administration of antibodies to save the patient's life when no is available for them to make their own active immune response. 
B) Cost.It's far cheaper to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively-immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
C) Safety of delivery.It's far safer to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively-immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
D) Handling of treatment.It's difficult to keep vaccines stored properly to keep their potency, especially in 3rd world countries without adequate 'cold chains' for transport into jungles and deserts.It's much easier to keep a batch of antibodies stable, even in extremes of heat and humidity.

Question 3

The procedure developed by the Chinese to protect against smallpox was called

Accepted Answer

A) Oriental poxination. 
B) humoral immunity. 
C) variolation. 
D) naturally acquired immunity. 
A) Oriental poxination. 
B) humoral immunity. 
C) variolation. 
D) naturally acquired immunity.

Question 4

Precipitation occurs when

Accepted Answer

A) antigen combines with antigen. 
B) antibody combines with antibody. 
C) antibody combines with antigen. 
D) antibody combines with antigen at optimal proportions. 
A) antigen combines with antigen. 
B) antibody combines with antibody. 
C) antibody combines with antigen. 
D) antibody combines with antigen at optimal proportions.

Question 5

The most common adjuvant is

Accepted Answer

A) ethanol. 
B) formalin. 
C) alum. 
D) aluminum. 
E) alum AND aluminum. 
A) ethanol. 
B) formalin. 
C) alum. 
D) aluminum. 
E) alum AND aluminum.

Question 6

Which plant has been used to deliver vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A) peanuts 
B) lima beans 
C) spinach 
D) potatoes 
A) peanuts 
B) lima beans 
C) spinach 
D) potatoes

Question 7

The Salk vaccine

Accepted Answer

A) contains live attenuated virus. 
B) contains inactivated virus. 
C) contains a portion of the polio virus. 
D) occasionally causes disease. 
A) contains live attenuated virus. 
B) contains inactivated virus. 
C) contains a portion of the polio virus. 
D) occasionally causes disease.

Question 8

Precipitation reactions carried out in agarose are called

Accepted Answer

A) hemagglutination tests. 
B) complement fixation tests. 
C) immunodiffusion tests. 
D) RIA tests. 
A) hemagglutination tests. 
B) complement fixation tests. 
C) immunodiffusion tests. 
D) RIA tests.

Question 9

Attenuated agents are

Accepted Answer

A) dead viruses. 
B) toxins. 
C) weakened live organisms. 
D) parts of an organism. 
A) dead viruses. 
B) toxins. 
C) weakened live organisms. 
D) parts of an organism.

Question 10

Whole agent vaccines may contain

Accepted Answer

A) viruses. 
B) bacteria. 
C) toxins. 
D) polysaccharides. 
E) viruses AND bacteria. 
A) viruses. 
B) bacteria. 
C) toxins. 
D) polysaccharides. 
E) viruses AND bacteria.

Question 11

What would be a primary advantage of using an attenuated agent rather than just an antigen from that agent for a vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A) This is actually a disadvantage-it's much more dangerous to use an attenuated agent over a subunit (single antigen) vaccine due to the possibility of reversion of the microbe to a pathogenic state. 
B) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the antibody production (humoral response) of the adaptive immune system.This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
C) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the cytotoxic T cell (CTL, cell-mediated) side of the adaptive immune system.This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
D) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates both the humoral (antibody) AND cell-mediated (T cell) portions of the adaptive immune response, giving the best comprehensive long-term protection available. 
A) This is actually a disadvantage-it's much more dangerous to use an attenuated agent over a subunit (single antigen) vaccine due to the possibility of reversion of the microbe to a pathogenic state. 
B) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the antibody production (humoral response) of the adaptive immune system.This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
C) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the cytotoxic T cell (CTL, cell-mediated) side of the adaptive immune system.This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
D) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates both the humoral (antibody) AND cell-mediated (T cell) portions of the adaptive immune response, giving the best comprehensive long-term protection available.

Question 12

Anti-human-gamma-globulin antiserum is often used in

Accepted Answer

A) direct fluorescent antibody tests. 
B) indirect ELISA. 
C) Western blot. 
D) indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
E) indirect ELISA, Western blot AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
A) direct fluorescent antibody tests. 
B) indirect ELISA. 
C) Western blot. 
D) indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
E) indirect ELISA, Western blot AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests.

Question 13

The scientist who made variolation safer and more effective was

Accepted Answer

A) Pasteur. 
B) Jenner. 
C) Metchnikoff. 
D) Fleming. 
A) Pasteur. 
B) Jenner. 
C) Metchnikoff. 
D) Fleming.

Question 14

A poorly understood, yet promising type of vaccine that causes the host to produce microbial antigens for a short time involves the use of

Accepted Answer

A) subunits. 
B) DNA. 
C) alum. 
D) toxoids. 
E) glycoproteins. 
A) subunits. 
B) DNA. 
C) alum. 
D) toxoids. 
E) glycoproteins.

Question 15

Would antibodies produced by a patient in response to infection be monoclonal, or polyclonal?

Accepted Answer

A) Since the infection is from only a single agent/microbe, the antibodies would be monoclonal. 
B) Since a single pathogen has multiple antigens, and each antigen has multiple epitopes, the responding antibodies to a whole pathogen would be polyclonal. 
C) Since the pathogen would most likely mutate slightly during the infection (producing different epitopes), the responding antibodies would be polyclonal. 
D) Since the pathogen would acquire and modify self-antigens during the infectious process, the antibodies produced during the response would be polyclonal. 
A) Since the infection is from only a single agent/microbe, the antibodies would be monoclonal. 
B) Since a single pathogen has multiple antigens, and each antigen has multiple epitopes, the responding antibodies to a whole pathogen would be polyclonal. 
C) Since the pathogen would most likely mutate slightly during the infection (producing different epitopes), the responding antibodies would be polyclonal. 
D) Since the pathogen would acquire and modify self-antigens during the infectious process, the antibodies produced during the response would be polyclonal.

Question 16

For which of the following childhood diseases is a subunit vaccine recommended?

Accepted Answer

A) polio 
B) measles 
C) hepatitis B 
D) pertussis 
A) polio 
B) measles 
C) hepatitis B 
D) pertussis

Question 17

The change from negative serum, without antibodies specific to an infecting agent, to positive serum, containing antibodies against that infecting agent, is called

Accepted Answer

A) ELISA. 
B) complement fixation. 
C) seroconversion. 
D) RIA. 
A) ELISA. 
B) complement fixation. 
C) seroconversion. 
D) RIA.

Question 18

Almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are

Accepted Answer

A) the result of infection. 
B) self-made. 
C) IgM. 
D) the result of passive immunity. 
A) the result of infection. 
B) self-made. 
C) IgM. 
D) the result of passive immunity.

Question 19

Agglutination reactions utilize particles rather than molecules.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Which antibodies cross the placenta and protect the fetus?

Accepted Answer

A) IgA 
B) IgG 
C) IgM 
D) IgD 
A) IgA 
B) IgG 
C) IgM 
D) IgD

Exam 18: Applications of Immune Responses

Herd immunity

What would be a primary advantage of passive immunity with diseases such as tetanus or botulism?

The procedure developed by the Chinese to protect against smallpox was called

Precipitation occurs when

The most common adjuvant is

Which plant has been used to deliver vaccine?

The Salk vaccine

Precipitation reactions carried out in agarose are called

Attenuated agents are

Whole agent vaccines may contain

What would be a primary advantage of using an attenuated agent rather than just an antigen from that agent for a vaccine?

Anti-human-gamma-globulin antiserum is often used in

The scientist who made variolation safer and more effective was

A poorly understood, yet promising type of vaccine that causes the host to produce microbial antigens for a short time involves the use of

Would antibodies produced by a patient in response to infection be monoclonal, or polyclonal?

For which of the following childhood diseases is a subunit vaccine recommended?

The change from negative serum, without antibodies specific to an infecting agent, to positive serum, containing antibodies against that infecting agent, is called

Almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are

Agglutination reactions utilize particles rather than molecules.

Which antibodies cross the placenta and protect the fetus?

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Prokaryotic Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From Dna to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology and Recombinant Dna

Identification and Classification of Prokaryotes

The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunologic Disorders

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Genitourinary Infections

Nervous System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Hiv Disease and Complications of Immunodeficiency

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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