Exam 8: Learning

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth,the UR is the

Children often learn to associate their pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar.This best illustrates the process underlying

Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing.According to many researchers,this best illustrates the functioning of

Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents.This illustrates the impact of

After repeatedly drinking alcohol spiked with a nauseating drug,people with alcohol use disorder may fail to develop an aversion to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug.This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.

Which of the following did Pavlov use as a neutral stimulus in his studies of salivation?

(a)Several days after drinking an excessive amount of alcohol,Kendra becomes nauseated simply by the smell of liquor.The sight of the half-empty liquor bottle from which she drank does not,however,upset her.What does Kendra's pattern of response indicate about the limits of associative learning? (b)If George is spanked immediately after his baby sister cries,he is likely to become fearful every time she cries.If Ken is spanked immediately before his baby sister cries,he is not likely to become fearful when she cries.What do the different reactions of George and Ken suggest about the role of cognitive processes in associative learning?

Primary reinforcers could best be described as

A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days.His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of

Evidence that organisms are biologically predisposed to learn the associations that most readily aid their survival has been provided by

Before Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone,the tone was a(n)

After learning to fear a white rat,Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit.This best illustrates the process of

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that

Shaping is a procedure in which reinforcers are

Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her annual pay raises.Consequently,she no longer puts much effort into her job,even though she really wants a big raise.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits.

B.F.Skinner's work elaborated what E.L.Thorndike had called