Question 1

Series-completion problems are examples of which of Greeno's (1978) categories?

Accepted Answer

A)  inducing structure 
B)  arrangement 
C)  transformation 
D)  recategorization 
A)  inducing structure 
B)  arrangement 
C)  transformation 
D)  recategorization

Question 2

When working on complex problems, a useful strategy to use is to

Accepted Answer

A)  formulate subgoals, or intermediate steps toward a solution. 
B)  recognize the similarity between two problems. 
C)  recognize when the problem does not have a well-specified goal. 
D)  use a heuristic. 
A)  formulate subgoals, or intermediate steps toward a solution. 
B)  recognize the similarity between two problems. 
C)  recognize when the problem does not have a well-specified goal. 
D)  use a heuristic.

Question 3

Decision-making

Accepted Answer

A)  is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect solutions. 
B)  involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them. 
C)  involves making choices under conditions of uncertainty. 
D)  refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable. 
A)  is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect solutions. 
B)  involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them. 
C)  involves making choices under conditions of uncertainty. 
D)  refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable.

Question 4

Three-year-old Johnny used to say "mikk" when he wanted a drink of milk. Now he is able to say "milk" quite clearly. In this instance, Johnny has made a gain in his use of

Accepted Answer

A)  phonemes. 
B)  syntax. 
C)  morphemes. 
D)  linguistic heuristics. 
A)  phonemes. 
B)  syntax. 
C)  morphemes. 
D)  linguistic heuristics.

Question 5

The 1950s brought a "cognitive revolution" in psychology because

Accepted Answer

A)  some theorists recognized that an exclusive focus on observable behavior would yield an incomplete picture of human functioning. 
B)  it was finally recognized that cognition is a uniquely human capability. 
C)  introspection became more objective and reliable as a research tool. 
D)  behaviorists recognized that language could not be studied objectively. 
A)  some theorists recognized that an exclusive focus on observable behavior would yield an incomplete picture of human functioning. 
B)  it was finally recognized that cognition is a uniquely human capability. 
C)  introspection became more objective and reliable as a research tool. 
D)  behaviorists recognized that language could not be studied objectively.

Question 6

Functional fixedness refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  continued use of problem solving strategies that have worked in the past. 
B)  arriving at a particularly insightful solution to a problem. 
C)  focusing on information that is irrelevant to the solution of the problem. 
D)  not seeing a new function for a familiar object. 
A)  continued use of problem solving strategies that have worked in the past. 
B)  arriving at a particularly insightful solution to a problem. 
C)  focusing on information that is irrelevant to the solution of the problem. 
D)  not seeing a new function for a familiar object.

Question 7

When using elimination by aspects, it is best to evaluate the ____ aspect first.

Accepted Answer

A)  most important 
B)  least important 
C)  most favorable 
D)  least favorable 
A)  most important 
B)  least important 
C)  most favorable 
D)  least favorable

Question 8

If you solve a current problem using the solution to a previous, similar problem, which heuristic are you applying?

Accepted Answer

A)  working backward from the goal 
B)  the availability heuristic 
C)  searching for analogies 
D)  formulating subgoals 
A)  working backward from the goal 
B)  the availability heuristic 
C)  searching for analogies 
D)  formulating subgoals

Question 9

Skinner suggested that children learn how to construct grammatical sentences as a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  trial and error. 
B)  receiving specific instruction from adults on grammatical rules. 
C)  imitating the sentences of adults and older children. 
D)  the functioning of the language acquisition device (LA
D) . 
A)  trial and error. 
B)  receiving specific instruction from adults on grammatical rules. 
C)  imitating the sentences of adults and older children. 
D)  the functioning of the language acquisition device (LA
D) .

Question 10

Dr. Phrasnal is studying cognitive flexibility and selective attention in middle-class bilingual and monolingual subjects. Based on the evidence from previous research studies, Dr. Phrasnal will MOST likely find that the bilingual subjects score

Accepted Answer

A)  lower in both cognitive flexibility and selective attention. 
B)  higher in cognitive flexibility, but lower in selective attention. 
C)  higher in both cognitive flexibility and selective attention. 
D)  lower in cognitive flexibility, but higher in selective attention. 
A)  lower in both cognitive flexibility and selective attention. 
B)  higher in cognitive flexibility, but lower in selective attention. 
C)  higher in both cognitive flexibility and selective attention. 
D)  lower in cognitive flexibility, but higher in selective attention.

Question 11

The two sentences "The boy hit the ball" and "The ball was hit by the boy" are the same in regard to

Accepted Answer

A)  grammar. 
B)  syntax. 
C)  morphemes. 
D)  semantics. 
A)  grammar. 
B)  syntax. 
C)  morphemes. 
D)  semantics.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Overregularizations occur only in English, which has numerous irregular verbs. 
B)  Overregularizations reflect the fact that children do not acquire the rules of grammar in a single leap. 
C)  Overregularizations decline when school-age children are formally taught subtle exceptions to grammatical rules. 
D)  Overregularizations are more common in children's comprehension of words than in their production of words. 
A)  Overregularizations occur only in English, which has numerous irregular verbs. 
B)  Overregularizations reflect the fact that children do not acquire the rules of grammar in a single leap. 
C)  Overregularizations decline when school-age children are formally taught subtle exceptions to grammatical rules. 
D)  Overregularizations are more common in children's comprehension of words than in their production of words.

Question 13

Diagrams sometimes facilitate problem-solving because they

Accepted Answer

A)  aid in the search for analogies. 
B)  make it easier to execute algorithms. 
C)  change the representation of the problem. 
D)  relax constraints on problem solutions. 
A)  aid in the search for analogies. 
B)  make it easier to execute algorithms. 
C)  change the representation of the problem. 
D)  relax constraints on problem solutions.

Question 14

A strategy that is especially useful when a problem has a well-specified end point is

Accepted Answer

A)  forming subgoals. 
B)  working backward. 
C)  algorithm. 
D)  changing the representation of the problem. 
A)  forming subgoals. 
B)  working backward. 
C)  algorithm. 
D)  changing the representation of the problem.

Question 15

Last year, 5-year-old Alonda would say "No he coming" when explaining to her younger sister that their older brother would be staying home. Now Alonda will tell her sister "He's not coming." This example illustrates that Alonda has made gains in her use of

Accepted Answer

A)  linguistic relativity. 
B)  phonemes. 
C)  morphemes. 
D)  syntax. 
A)  linguistic relativity. 
B)  phonemes. 
C)  morphemes. 
D)  syntax.

Question 16

A methodical, step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem is

Accepted Answer

A)  an algorithm. 
B)  a heuristic. 
C)  a mental set. 
D)  a syllogism. 
A)  an algorithm. 
B)  a heuristic. 
C)  a mental set. 
D)  a syllogism.

Question 17

The entrance exam that Jaclyn is taking for graduate school has a number of questions such as: glove is to hand as sock is to ____. Questions of this type are considered to be

Accepted Answer

A)  problems of arrangement. 
B)  problems of transformation. 
C)  problems of inducing structure. 
D)  ill-defined problems. 
A)  problems of arrangement. 
B)  problems of transformation. 
C)  problems of inducing structure. 
D)  ill-defined problems.

Question 18

An algorithm is

Accepted Answer

A)  the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by a problem solver. 
B)  a guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in problem solving. 
C)  a methodical procedure for trying all possible solutions to a problem. 
D)  equivalent to a heuristic. 
A)  the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by a problem solver. 
B)  a guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in problem solving. 
C)  a methodical procedure for trying all possible solutions to a problem. 
D)  equivalent to a heuristic.

Question 19

The sudden "a ha!" feeling when you suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem is called

Accepted Answer

A)  functional fixedness. 
B)  insight. 
C)  rearrangement. 
D)  transformation. 
A)  functional fixedness. 
B)  insight. 
C)  rearrangement. 
D)  transformation.

Question 20

The fact that a limited number of words may be combined into an infinite number of sentences illustrates that language is

Accepted Answer

A)  structured. 
B)  orderly. 
C)  generative. 
D)  symbolic. 
A)  structured. 
B)  orderly. 
C)  generative. 
D)  symbolic.

Exam 15: Language and Thought Part 1

Series-completion problems are examples of which of Greeno's (1978) categories?

When working on complex problems, a useful strategy to use is to

Decision-making

Three-year-old Johnny used to say "mikk" when he wanted a drink of milk. Now he is able to say "milk" quite clearly. In this instance, Johnny has made a gain in his use of

The 1950s brought a "cognitive revolution" in psychology because

Functional fixedness refers to

When using elimination by aspects, it is best to evaluate the ____ aspect first.

If you solve a current problem using the solution to a previous, similar problem, which heuristic are you applying?

Skinner suggested that children learn how to construct grammatical sentences as a result of

Dr. Phrasnal is studying cognitive flexibility and selective attention in middle-class bilingual and monolingual subjects. Based on the evidence from previous research studies, Dr. Phrasnal will MOST likely find that the bilingual subjects score

The two sentences "The boy hit the ball" and "The ball was hit by the boy" are the same in regard to

Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate?

Diagrams sometimes facilitate problem-solving because they

A strategy that is especially useful when a problem has a well-specified end point is

Last year, 5-year-old Alonda would say "No he coming" when explaining to her younger sister that their older brother would be staying home. Now Alonda will tell her sister "He's not coming." This example illustrates that Alonda has made gains in her use of

A methodical, step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem is

The entrance exam that Jaclyn is taking for graduate school has a number of questions such as: glove is to hand as sock is to ____. Questions of this type are considered to be

An algorithm is

The sudden "a ha!" feeling when you suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem is called

The fact that a limited number of words may be combined into an infinite number of sentences illustrates that language is

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The Biological Bases of Behavior Part 1

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Variations in Consciousness Part 1

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Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment Part 1

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