Question 1

What is self-compassion? What are the three components of this experience?

Accepted Answer

People practice self-compassion when the

Question 2

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to exert a strong influence on a person's level and sources of self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

A)  culture 
B)  genetics 
C)  the extent to which they are motivated to self-verify 
D)  reflected appraisals and social comparisons experienced in childhood 
A)  culture 
B)  genetics 
C)  the extent to which they are motivated to self-verify 
D)  reflected appraisals and social comparisons experienced in childhood

Question 3

Which of the following psychological phenomena has been identified by research as a resource that helps individuals preserve a sense of self-continuity and meaning, even in the face of reminders of mortality?

Accepted Answer

A)  self-evaluation maintenance 
B)  self-compassion 
C)  nostalgia 
D)  self-monitoring 
A)  self-evaluation maintenance 
B)  self-compassion 
C)  nostalgia 
D)  self-monitoring

Question 4

In a classic method for studying dissonance, participants are prompted to engage in a counterattitudinal behavior. When there is little external justification for the behavior, people typically change their attitudes to match the behavior. What is the name for this method?

Accepted Answer

A)  spreading of alternatives 
B)  effort justification 
C)  induced compliance 
D)  free choice paradigm 
A)  spreading of alternatives 
B)  effort justification 
C)  induced compliance 
D)  free choice paradigm

Question 5

Which of the following study designs describes the induced compliance paradigm?

Accepted Answer

A)  a study in which people are given the opportunity to reduce dissonance in a number of different possible ways 
B)  a study in which individuals choose between alternatives and, subsequently, their attraction to the alternatives is assessed 
C)  a study in which individuals are allowed to choose between several undesirable tasks 
D)  a study in which individuals are forced to engage in a behavior that goes against their attitudes 
A)  a study in which people are given the opportunity to reduce dissonance in a number of different possible ways 
B)  a study in which individuals choose between alternatives and, subsequently, their attraction to the alternatives is assessed 
C)  a study in which individuals are allowed to choose between several undesirable tasks 
D)  a study in which individuals are forced to engage in a behavior that goes against their attitudes

Question 6

Aronson and Mills (1959) conducted a classic study in which female college students were recruited for a discussion group. The discussion that they actually listened to was quite boring; however, prior to hearing the discussion, women participated in different conditions. Women in which experimental condition expressed the greatest interest in the discussion and commitment to the group?

Accepted Answer

A)  those who did nothing prior to listening to the discussion 
B)  those who had to read mildly embarrassing sexual language in front of the experimenter 
C)  those who had to read explicit pornography in front of the experimenter 
D)  those who were already committed to being in the discussion group 
A)  those who did nothing prior to listening to the discussion 
B)  those who had to read mildly embarrassing sexual language in front of the experimenter 
C)  those who had to read explicit pornography in front of the experimenter 
D)  those who were already committed to being in the discussion group

Question 7

What is the central concept of the dramaturgical perspective?

Accepted Answer

A)  All people strive to become famous someday, even if some people eventually realize that they will never be famous. 
B)  People pursue self-esteem differently depending on the cultural worldview in which they are immersed. 
C)  People are generally cynical in their day-to-day lives and committed to deceiving one another. 
D)  All of social life can be compared to a theatrical production in which people, like actors, perform according to a script. 
A)  All people strive to become famous someday, even if some people eventually realize that they will never be famous. 
B)  People pursue self-esteem differently depending on the cultural worldview in which they are immersed. 
C)  People are generally cynical in their day-to-day lives and committed to deceiving one another. 
D)  All of social life can be compared to a theatrical production in which people, like actors, perform according to a script.

Question 8

What experimental paradigm has been used to demonstrate that cognitive dissonance processes are driven by a negative, affective state of tension?

Accepted Answer

A)  induced hypocrisy 
B)  misattribution of arousal 
C)  the implicit attitudes test 
D)  excitation transfer 
A)  induced hypocrisy 
B)  misattribution of arousal 
C)  the implicit attitudes test 
D)  excitation transfer

Question 9

Which of the following findings has emerged from research on social comparison?

Accepted Answer

A)  People prefer to compare themselves to those who perform far better than them in a domain. 
B)  People prefer to compare themselves to those who perform far worse than them in a domain. 
C)  People generally think of themselves as worse in most respects now than they used to be. 
D)  People generally think of themselves as better in most respects now than they used to be. 
A)  People prefer to compare themselves to those who perform far better than them in a domain. 
B)  People prefer to compare themselves to those who perform far worse than them in a domain. 
C)  People generally think of themselves as worse in most respects now than they used to be. 
D)  People generally think of themselves as better in most respects now than they used to be.

Question 10

People from individualist cultures are more likely to experience dissonance _____, while people from collectivist cultures are more likely to experience dissonance _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  in private settings; in public settings 
B)  in public settings; in private settings 
C)  during young adulthood; during older adulthood 
D)  during older adulthood; during young adulthood 
A)  in private settings; in public settings 
B)  in public settings; in private settings 
C)  during young adulthood; during older adulthood 
D)  during older adulthood; during young adulthood

Question 11

Wong has just received feedback in his gym class that he is not as good of an athlete as he thought he was. If he pursues the defensive strategy of compensation, what is Wong now likely to do?

Accepted Answer

A)  try harder to become a good athlete 
B)  stay out partying before the next athletic competition 
C)  focus on his academics 
D)  think about another individual as being worse at athletics than he is 
A)  try harder to become a good athlete 
B)  stay out partying before the next athletic competition 
C)  focus on his academics 
D)  think about another individual as being worse at athletics than he is

Question 12

If a person is highly successful in a domain that is important to our self-esteem, we are motivated to _____; if a person is highly successful in a domain that is not very important to our self-esteem, we are motivated to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  see that person as dissimilar to us; see that person as similar to us 
B)  see that person as similar to us; see that person as dissimilar to us 
C)  evaluate our ability in comparison to that person; not evaluate our ability in comparison to that person 
D)  not evaluate our ability in comparison to that person; evaluate our ability in comparison to that person 
A)  see that person as dissimilar to us; see that person as similar to us 
B)  see that person as similar to us; see that person as dissimilar to us 
C)  evaluate our ability in comparison to that person; not evaluate our ability in comparison to that person 
D)  not evaluate our ability in comparison to that person; evaluate our ability in comparison to that person

Question 13

In the free choice paradigm for testing dissonance processes, people reevaluate their initial judgment of objects after choosing between them. This process is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  minimal deterrence 
B)  induced compliance 
C)  spreading of alternatives 
D)  trivialization 
A)  minimal deterrence 
B)  induced compliance 
C)  spreading of alternatives 
D)  trivialization

Question 14

Which of the following research on cognitive dissonance processes could MOST clearly be considered the first empirical demonstrations of what phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Freud's contention that psychological defenses substantially influence thoughts and behavior 
B)  James's contention that self-esteem is an important motivational force 
C)  the idea that people will sometimes go against the fundamental motive for self-consistency 
D)  the idea that people are driven to make sense of the relationships between people and objects in their environment 
A)  Freud's contention that psychological defenses substantially influence thoughts and behavior 
B)  James's contention that self-esteem is an important motivational force 
C)  the idea that people will sometimes go against the fundamental motive for self-consistency 
D)  the idea that people are driven to make sense of the relationships between people and objects in their environment

Question 15

Some research (Ma-Kellams & Blascovich, 2012; Vail et al., 2012) suggests that people who experience trauma:

Accepted Answer

A)  always suffer predominantly negative consequences. 
B)  lose their sense of self-esteem. 
C)  shift their focus to entirely extrinsic sources of self-esteem. 
D)  sometimes report experiencing personal growth. 
A)  always suffer predominantly negative consequences. 
B)  lose their sense of self-esteem. 
C)  shift their focus to entirely extrinsic sources of self-esteem. 
D)  sometimes report experiencing personal growth.

Question 16

The induced hypocrisy paradigm is used to activate a sense of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  cynical performance 
B)  ostracism 
C)  cognitive dissonance 
D)  self-esteem threat 
A)  cynical performance 
B)  ostracism 
C)  cognitive dissonance 
D)  self-esteem threat

Question 17

A classic study by Cialdini (1976) and colleagues on people's reactions to their college sports team showed that:

Accepted Answer

A)  students were less likely to wear school apparel when the football team had won a game. 
B)  students were more likely to wear school apparel when the football team had won a game. 
C)  students were equally likely to wear school apparel whether the football team had won or lost. 
D)  students closely connected to the football team (e.g., they were either on the team or best friends with a team member) were more likely to wear school apparel when the team had won. 
A)  students were less likely to wear school apparel when the football team had won a game. 
B)  students were more likely to wear school apparel when the football team had won a game. 
C)  students were equally likely to wear school apparel whether the football team had won or lost. 
D)  students closely connected to the football team (e.g., they were either on the team or best friends with a team member) were more likely to wear school apparel when the team had won.

Question 18

While _____ refers to the tendency to overestimate others' ability to know the self's thoughts, _____ refers to the belief that others are more focused on the self than they are.

Accepted Answer

A)  the spotlight effect; the illusion of transparency 
B)  self-serving attributional bias; behavioral mimicry 
C)  behavioral mimicry; self-serving attributional bias 
D)  the illusion of transparency; the spotlight effect 
A)  the spotlight effect; the illusion of transparency 
B)  self-serving attributional bias; behavioral mimicry 
C)  behavioral mimicry; self-serving attributional bias 
D)  the illusion of transparency; the spotlight effect

Question 19

What is self-handicapping? Under what circumstances are people most likely to use this strategy?

Accepted Answer

Self-handicapping is the act of placing

Question 20

What is the status-maximizing theory of self-esteem, and what is the sociometer model? What do these perspectives have in common, and how are they different?

Accepted Answer

According to the status-maximizing theor

What is self-compassion? What are the three components of this experience?

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to exert a strong influence on a person's level and sources of self-esteem?

Which of the following psychological phenomena has been identified by research as a resource that helps individuals preserve a sense of self-continuity and meaning, even in the face of reminders of mortality?

In a classic method for studying dissonance, participants are prompted to engage in a counterattitudinal behavior. When there is little external justification for the behavior, people typically change their attitudes to match the behavior. What is the name for this method?

Which of the following study designs describes the induced compliance paradigm?

What is the central concept of the dramaturgical perspective?

What experimental paradigm has been used to demonstrate that cognitive dissonance processes are driven by a negative, affective state of tension?

Which of the following findings has emerged from research on social comparison?

People from individualist cultures are more likely to experience dissonance _, while people from collectivist cultures are more likely to experience dissonance _.

Wong has just received feedback in his gym class that he is not as good of an athlete as he thought he was. If he pursues the defensive strategy of compensation, what is Wong now likely to do?

If a person is highly successful in a domain that is important to our self-esteem, we are motivated to _; if a person is highly successful in a domain that is not very important to our self-esteem, we are motivated to _.

In the free choice paradigm for testing dissonance processes, people reevaluate their initial judgment of objects after choosing between them. This process is referred to as _____.

Which of the following research on cognitive dissonance processes could MOST clearly be considered the first empirical demonstrations of what phenomenon?

Some research (Ma-Kellams & Blascovich, 2012; Vail et al., 2012) suggests that people who experience trauma:

The induced hypocrisy paradigm is used to activate a sense of _____.

A classic study by Cialdini (1976) and colleagues on people's reactions to their college sports team showed that:

While _ refers to the tendency to overestimate others' ability to know the self's thoughts, _ refers to the belief that others are more focused on the self than they are.

What is self-handicapping? Under what circumstances are people most likely to use this strategy?

What is the status-maximizing theory of self-esteem, and what is the sociometer model? What do these perspectives have in common, and how are they different?

The Revealing Science of Social Psychology

Fundamentals of Social Behavior

The Core Elements of Social Cognition

Thinking About People and Events

The Nature, Origins, and Functions of the Self

Social Influence

Persuasion, Attitudes, and Behavior

Group Processes

Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Responding to and Reducing Prejudice

Interpersonal Aggression

Prosocial Behavior

Interpersonal Attraction

Close Relationships

Filters

Exam 6: The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth

What is self-compassion? What are the three components of this experience?

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to exert a strong influence on a person's level and sources of self-esteem?

Which of the following psychological phenomena has been identified by research as a resource that helps individuals preserve a sense of self-continuity and meaning, even in the face of reminders of mortality?

In a classic method for studying dissonance, participants are prompted to engage in a counterattitudinal behavior. When there is little external justification for the behavior, people typically change their attitudes to match the behavior. What is the name for this method?

Which of the following study designs describes the induced compliance paradigm?

What is the central concept of the dramaturgical perspective?

What experimental paradigm has been used to demonstrate that cognitive dissonance processes are driven by a negative, affective state of tension?

Which of the following findings has emerged from research on social comparison?

People from individualist cultures are more likely to experience dissonance _____, while people from collectivist cultures are more likely to experience dissonance _____.

Wong has just received feedback in his gym class that he is not as good of an athlete as he thought he was. If he pursues the defensive strategy of compensation, what is Wong now likely to do?

If a person is highly successful in a domain that is important to our self-esteem, we are motivated to _____; if a person is highly successful in a domain that is not very important to our self-esteem, we are motivated to _____.

In the free choice paradigm for testing dissonance processes, people reevaluate their initial judgment of objects after choosing between them. This process is referred to as _____.

Which of the following research on cognitive dissonance processes could MOST clearly be considered the first empirical demonstrations of what phenomenon?

Some research (Ma-Kellams & Blascovich, 2012; Vail et al., 2012) suggests that people who experience trauma:

The induced hypocrisy paradigm is used to activate a sense of _____.

A classic study by Cialdini (1976) and colleagues on people's reactions to their college sports team showed that:

While _____ refers to the tendency to overestimate others' ability to know the self's thoughts, _____ refers to the belief that others are more focused on the self than they are.

What is self-handicapping? Under what circumstances are people most likely to use this strategy?

What is the status-maximizing theory of self-esteem, and what is the sociometer model? What do these perspectives have in common, and how are they different?

The Revealing Science of Social Psychology

Fundamentals of Social Behavior

The Core Elements of Social Cognition

Thinking About People and Events

The Nature, Origins, and Functions of the Self

Social Influence

Persuasion, Attitudes, and Behavior

Group Processes

Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Responding to and Reducing Prejudice

Interpersonal Aggression

Prosocial Behavior

Interpersonal Attraction

Close Relationships

Filters

People from individualist cultures are more likely to experience dissonance _, while people from collectivist cultures are more likely to experience dissonance _.

If a person is highly successful in a domain that is important to our self-esteem, we are motivated to _; if a person is highly successful in a domain that is not very important to our self-esteem, we are motivated to _.

While _ refers to the tendency to overestimate others' ability to know the self's thoughts, _ refers to the belief that others are more focused on the self than they are.