Question 1

A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as __________

Accepted Answer

A)  positive punishment. 
B)  negative punishment. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  negative expectation. 
A)  positive punishment. 
B)  negative punishment. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  negative expectation.

Question 2

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that __________

Accepted Answer

A)  the CS substitutes for the US. 
B)  there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and US. 
C)  the CS has to provide information about the coming of the US. 
D)  reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event. 
A)  the CS substitutes for the US. 
B)  there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and US. 
C)  the CS has to provide information about the coming of the US. 
D)  reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event.

Question 3

Describe what occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented over and over again without the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

When the conditioned stimulus is present

Question 4

Robert Rescorla showed that classical conditioning works best when the conditioned stimulus allows for a reliable prediction of the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

The subject of the now-famous Watson and Rayner study of how fears might be classically conditioned was __________

Accepted Answer

A)  a white rat. 
B)  a young boy named Peter. 
C)  a white rabbit. 
D)  an 11-month-old named little Albert. 
A)  a white rat. 
B)  a young boy named Peter. 
C)  a white rabbit. 
D)  an 11-month-old named little Albert.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time. 
B)  Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement. 
C)  Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. 
D)  Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time. 
A)  Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time. 
B)  Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement. 
C)  Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. 
D)  Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time.

Question 7

Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being __________

Accepted Answer

A)  extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so. 
B)  recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better. 
C)  positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. 
D)  negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. 
A)  extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so. 
B)  recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better. 
C)  positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. 
D)  negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.

Question 8

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on __________

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  vicarious learning. 
D)  cognitive learning. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  vicarious learning. 
D)  cognitive learning.

Question 9

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

Accepted Answer

A)  show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat 
B)  let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly 
C)  show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following 
D)  have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present 
A)  show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat 
B)  let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly 
C)  show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following 
D)  have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present

Question 10

What is likely to happen to rats that drink a saccharin solution and are then shocked?

Accepted Answer

A)  They will develop an aversion to saccharin. 
B)  They will refuse to drink any water and die. 
C)  They will not develop an aversion to saccharin solutions. 
D)  They will die as a result of the shocks they received in the research. 
A)  They will develop an aversion to saccharin. 
B)  They will refuse to drink any water and die. 
C)  They will not develop an aversion to saccharin solutions. 
D)  They will die as a result of the shocks they received in the research.

Question 11

A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. What psychological process are the representatives probably considering as the reason that TV influences school violence?

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  insight learning 
A)  observational learning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  insight learning

Question 12

Skinner found that a pigeon reinforced for pecking at a yellow disk is likely to peck at another disk similar in color. This is an example of __________

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization. 
B)  shaping. 
C)  extinction. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  generalization. 
B)  shaping. 
C)  extinction. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 13

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was __________

Accepted Answer

A)  Skinner. 
B)  Tolman. 
C)  Kohler. 
D)  Pavlov. 
A)  Skinner. 
B)  Tolman. 
C)  Kohler. 
D)  Pavlov.

Question 14

Current views of conditioning by psychologists, such as Rescorla, indicate that learning is completely automatic and has nothing to do with cognitive processes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Julio served in the war in Iraq and was severely traumatized when a rocket propelled grenade exploded next to his Humvee. Recently, Julio was studying in the library and a large book fell off a high shelf and banged on the floor. The noise brought Julio instantly to his feet. In terms of classical conditioning, his response can best be explained by __________

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  negative reflex. 
C)  reinforcement. 
D)  generalization. 
A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  negative reflex. 
C)  reinforcement. 
D)  generalization.

Question 16

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called __________

Accepted Answer

A)  primary reinforcers. 
B)  successive approximations. 
C)  secondary reinforcers. 
D)  unconditioned stimuli. 
A)  primary reinforcers. 
B)  successive approximations. 
C)  secondary reinforcers. 
D)  unconditioned stimuli.

Question 17

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Köhler 
B)  Tolman 
C)  Seligman 
D)  Skinner 
A)  Köhler 
B)  Tolman 
C)  Seligman 
D)  Skinner

Question 18

Any stimulus, such as a bell that requires learning to elicit a conditioned response is called a(n) __________

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  conditioned reflex. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  neutral stimulus. 
A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  conditioned reflex. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  neutral stimulus.

Question 19

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine does not run out of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

Accepted Answer

A)  partial reinforcement 
B)  interval reinforcement 
C)  continuous reinforcement 
D)  ratio reinforcement 
A)  partial reinforcement 
B)  interval reinforcement 
C)  continuous reinforcement 
D)  ratio reinforcement

Question 20

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is part of which process?

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement 
B)  shaping 
C)  extinction 
D)  generalization 
A)  reinforcement 
B)  shaping 
C)  extinction 
D)  generalization

A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as __________

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that __________

Describe what occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented over and over again without the unconditioned stimulus.

Robert Rescorla showed that classical conditioning works best when the conditioned stimulus allows for a reliable prediction of the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus.

The subject of the now-famous Watson and Rayner study of how fears might be classically conditioned was __________

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being __________

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on __________

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

What is likely to happen to rats that drink a saccharin solution and are then shocked?

Skinner found that a pigeon reinforced for pecking at a yellow disk is likely to peck at another disk similar in color. This is an example of __________

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was __________

Current views of conditioning by psychologists, such as Rescorla, indicate that learning is completely automatic and has nothing to do with cognitive processes.

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called __________

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

Any stimulus, such as a bell that requires learning to elicit a conditioned response is called a(n) __________

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine does not run out of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is part of which process?

Introduction to Psychology

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Sensation and Perception

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Memory

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Exam 5: Learning

A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as __________

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that __________

Describe what occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented over and over again without the unconditioned stimulus.

Robert Rescorla showed that classical conditioning works best when the conditioned stimulus allows for a reliable prediction of the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus.

The subject of the now-famous Watson and Rayner study of how fears might be classically conditioned was __________

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being __________

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on __________

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

What is likely to happen to rats that drink a saccharin solution and are then shocked?

Skinner found that a pigeon reinforced for pecking at a yellow disk is likely to peck at another disk similar in color. This is an example of __________

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was __________

Current views of conditioning by psychologists, such as Rescorla, indicate that learning is completely automatic and has nothing to do with cognitive processes.

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called __________

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

Any stimulus, such as a bell that requires learning to elicit a conditioned response is called a(n) __________

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine does not run out of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is part of which process?

Introduction to Psychology

Biology and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

States of Consciousness

Memory

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Child Development

Adolescence and Adulthood

Motivation and Emotion

Human Sexuality and Gender

Health and Stress

Personality Theory and Assessment

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Social Psychology

Filters