Exam 5: Learning

Describe Pavlov's classical conditioning studies in terms of the US, UR, CS, CR and his results. Briefly discuss two examples of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the US, UR, CS, and CR.

When a person's or animal's behavior is reinforced by the termination or avoidance of an aversive condition, this is called __________

This researcher insisted that it was "unnecessary to invoke reasoning" to explain how learning takes place.

Negative reinforcement lowers behavior rates.

When conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals, such as the steps involved in having one's blood tested, this process is called __________

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

Why is money such a powerful secondary reinforcer? Why isn't it a primary reinforcer?

Classical conditioning was accidentally discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov while he was studying digestion

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of __________ to conditioning theory.

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called __________

Michael's parents want him to learn to play tennis. Michael has no particular interest in the game. From an operant conditioning perspective, Michael may learn the game if his parents are insistent, but __________

What important factor in learning is Rescorla best known for?

Children and adolescents are often enticed into drug use, drinking and sexual behavior by observing these behaviors amongst their friends and acquaintances. Being influenced to exhibit behaviors that one has previously learned to suppress is called the __________

Maricella works as a seamstress. Her boss tells her that every time she completes five shirts, she will receive $5. When done with the five shirts, she dumps them into a bin and gets paid. Her pattern of shirt completion is most likely to be __________

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a __________ schedule.

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as __________

A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience is __________

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the Footsteps was a __________

A child is punished and temporarily stops his or her well-established bad behavior. However, the child soon goes back to acting badly. This is probably because __________