Exam 5: Learning

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of predictions?

After pairing a loud noise with a white rat many times, the sight of the rat would cause little Albert to cry. Crying is an example of a(n) __________

A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of __________

In a __________ schedule, the first response made after a same specific period of time has elapsed brings the reinforcement.

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) __________ response.

When Bobby is hungry, tired and thirsty, he resolves this by getting food, water and sleep. These are examples of __________

Which type of conditioning was formulated by Ivan Pavlov, the Russian physiologist who studied the digestive process in dogs?

The person MOST closely associated with the law of effect is __________

Billy often throws tantrums in stores if his mom does not give into his requests for candy. She usually ignores his tantrums, but every so often she gives in when it is inconvenient to argue. He is being reinforced on which schedule?

The most efficient way to condition a new response is __________

A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of __________

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS-UCS linkage was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of __________

Blake is a retired railroad conductor who lives alone. The highpoint of his day is when the mail truck arrives; however, this also proves to be a daily frustration. The mail courier does not keep a tight schedule, and is extremely inconsistent about delivery times. This drives Blake crazy. Although not happy about it, Blake is being reinforced on a variable-interval schedule.

Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her in her joke-telling, Kelsey's dad might __________

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the __________

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

Many students dread public speaking so they do not give oral presentations or take speech classes. This is an example of __________

In order to get her 2^nd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using (a) __________ to modify the children's behaviors.

Sarah has just received her drivers' license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that __________ has occurred.

Skinner designed a soundproof apparatus, often equipped with a lever or bar, with which he conducted his experiments in operant conditioning. This has been called a __________