Question 1

The central differences between the various definitions of culture often depend on whether the scholar is defining culture:

Accepted Answer

A)  using functionalist, conflict, or interactionist theory. 
B)  objectively or subjectively. 
C)  from a feminist or a misogynist point of view. 
D)  psychologically, anthropologically, or sociologically. 
A)  using functionalist, conflict, or interactionist theory. 
B)  objectively or subjectively. 
C)  from a feminist or a misogynist point of view. 
D)  psychologically, anthropologically, or sociologically. D

Question 2

In the context of comparative research framework, Azibo (1988) suggested that:

Accepted Answer

A)  it is important to compare two different ethnic groups to understand the psychological constructs of various groups in and of themselves. 
B)  comparing two different ethnic groups, especially when the comparison involves an ethnic minority group with Whites, is only appropriate when "racial" groups are equated on all relevant variables, especially culture. 
C)  while comparing two different ethnic groups one should have a clear theoretical rationale and research question to better understand how a phenomenon manifests differently across groups. 
D)  while comparing two different ethnic groups one should have a clear idea of how minority groups differ from the dominant groups. 
A)  it is important to compare two different ethnic groups to understand the psychological constructs of various groups in and of themselves. 
B)  comparing two different ethnic groups, especially when the comparison involves an ethnic minority group with Whites, is only appropriate when "racial" groups are equated on all relevant variables, especially culture. 
C)  while comparing two different ethnic groups one should have a clear theoretical rationale and research question to better understand how a phenomenon manifests differently across groups. 
D)  while comparing two different ethnic groups one should have a clear idea of how minority groups differ from the dominant groups. B

Question 3

Helms and Cook (1999) characterized ethnicity as a euphemism for _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  origin 
B)  culture 
C)  race 
D)  religion 
A)  origin 
B)  culture 
C)  race 
D)  religion C

Question 4

An early research strategy in comparative research framework involved comparison of members of diverse groups with the majority White population on various psychological variables.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

_____ has been described by Diemer and Ali (2009) as an index to denote an individual's position within a hierarchy relative to power, prestige, and control of resources.

Accepted Answer

A)  Subjective social status 
B)  Socioeconomic status 
C)  Perceived social status 
D)  Ascribed social status 
A)  Subjective social status 
B)  Socioeconomic status 
C)  Perceived social status 
D)  Ascribed social status

Question 6

Coping has been one of the most widely studied constructs in psychology.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

The use of culturally inappropriate measures increases error variance and may mask significant relationships among variables in research related to diverse populations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true of race?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most social scientists agree that race is a biological reality, and not a social construct. 
B)  There are real social consequences of being perceived to be a part of an identifiable racial group. 
C)  The creation of racial taxonomies has been documented to have occurred in a distinctly scientific manner. 
D)  Certain physical traits related to race are inherently and exclusively found in combination with other physical traits. 
A)  Most social scientists agree that race is a biological reality, and not a social construct. 
B)  There are real social consequences of being perceived to be a part of an identifiable racial group. 
C)  The creation of racial taxonomies has been documented to have occurred in a distinctly scientific manner. 
D)  Certain physical traits related to race are inherently and exclusively found in combination with other physical traits.

Question 9

Cross-cultural research examines groups living within the United States.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Which of the following is true of comparative research framework?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a research strategy to compare members of diverse groups with the Black population on various psychological variables. 
B)  The results obtained are more informative than studying psychological constructs of various groups in and of themselves. 
C)  It has been criticized because of the history of ethnic minority groups being compared to White Americans as a "norm group." 
D)  The use of this framework ensures that results are apolitical and free of bias. 
A)  It is a research strategy to compare members of diverse groups with the Black population on various psychological variables. 
B)  The results obtained are more informative than studying psychological constructs of various groups in and of themselves. 
C)  It has been criticized because of the history of ethnic minority groups being compared to White Americans as a "norm group." 
D)  The use of this framework ensures that results are apolitical and free of bias.

Question 11

Research has found that a construct developed in one cultural context can never be valid in another cultural context.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

According to Currah and Minter (2000), transgender can be defined as any person whose anatomy, appearance, identity, beliefs, personality characteristics, demeanor or behavior diverges from or is perceived to diverge from prevailing social norms about gender.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Descriptive studies are often the final step in the topics and populations after more complex and causal relationships have been examined.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

In early comparative studies, White Americans were considered to be the gold standard or the norm against which others were compared.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

In the context of multicultural research, which of the following is a true statement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Distal factors are factors that do not directly explain observed phenomena. 
B)  Proximal factors tend to be demographic. 
C)  Proximal factors are ones that explain differences in behavior. 
D)  Distal factors are usually more psychological in nature. 
A)  Distal factors are factors that do not directly explain observed phenomena. 
B)  Proximal factors tend to be demographic. 
C)  Proximal factors are ones that explain differences in behavior. 
D)  Distal factors are usually more psychological in nature.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the term intersexed?

Accepted Answer

A)  It refers to culturally ascribed characteristics associated with maleness or femaleness that are distinct from assigned sex. 
B)  It denotes anatomical or biological characteristics as male or female. 
C)  It refers to an individual who is born with male and female sexual anatomy. 
D)  It is defined as any person whose anatomy, appearance, or behavior diverges from prevailing social norms about gender. 
A)  It refers to culturally ascribed characteristics associated with maleness or femaleness that are distinct from assigned sex. 
B)  It denotes anatomical or biological characteristics as male or female. 
C)  It refers to an individual who is born with male and female sexual anatomy. 
D)  It is defined as any person whose anatomy, appearance, or behavior diverges from prevailing social norms about gender.

Question 17

Patrick conducted a long-term study involving undergraduate students from diverse backgrounds at a university. During the course of the study, there was an attack on a student who was identified as a member of the LGB (lesbian, gay, and bisexual) community. This led to other LGB students withdrawing from the study due to perturbation. Which of the following threats does this scenario exemplify?

Accepted Answer

A)  Maturation 
B)  Selection 
C)  Testing effects 
D)  Attrition 
A)  Maturation 
B)  Selection 
C)  Testing effects 
D)  Attrition

Question 18

Conclusions drawn from small samples are high in external validity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which of the following is a characteristic of early research on ethnic minorities?

Accepted Answer

A)  It discouraged the comparison of minority groups to majority groups as the standard. 
B)  It assumed that the problems of ethnic minorities could be attributed to being deprived of modern values. 
C)  It pathologized ethnic minorities. 
D)  It was completely theoretical and nondescriptive. 
A)  It discouraged the comparison of minority groups to majority groups as the standard. 
B)  It assumed that the problems of ethnic minorities could be attributed to being deprived of modern values. 
C)  It pathologized ethnic minorities. 
D)  It was completely theoretical and nondescriptive.

Question 20

Most social scientists agree that race is not a biological reality, but rather a social construct.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 9: Diverse Perspectives: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations

The central differences between the various definitions of culture often depend on whether the scholar is defining culture:

In the context of comparative research framework, Azibo (1988) suggested that:

Helms and Cook (1999) characterized ethnicity as a euphemism for _____.

An early research strategy in comparative research framework involved comparison of members of diverse groups with the majority White population on various psychological variables.

_____ has been described by Diemer and Ali (2009) as an index to denote an individual's position within a hierarchy relative to power, prestige, and control of resources.

Coping has been one of the most widely studied constructs in psychology.

The use of culturally inappropriate measures increases error variance and may mask significant relationships among variables in research related to diverse populations.

Which of the following statements is true of race?

Cross-cultural research examines groups living within the United States.

Which of the following is true of comparative research framework?

Research has found that a construct developed in one cultural context can never be valid in another cultural context.

According to Currah and Minter (2000), transgender can be defined as any person whose anatomy, appearance, identity, beliefs, personality characteristics, demeanor or behavior diverges from or is perceived to diverge from prevailing social norms about gender.

Descriptive studies are often the final step in the topics and populations after more complex and causal relationships have been examined.

In early comparative studies, White Americans were considered to be the gold standard or the norm against which others were compared.

In the context of multicultural research, which of the following is a true statement?

Which of the following best describes the term intersexed?

Conclusions drawn from small samples are high in external validity.

Which of the following is a characteristic of early research on ethnic minorities?

Most social scientists agree that race is not a biological reality, but rather a social construct.

Philosophies of Science and Counseling: Why Science Matters to Counseling

Research Training: Joys and Challenges

Ethics in Counseling Research: Being and Doing Right

Professional Writing: a Critical Skill for Scientists and Practitioners

Identifying Interests and Operationalizing Topics: Forget That Perfect Study

Choosing Research Designs: Balancing Ideals and Realities

Validity Issues in Research: the Heart of It All

Population Issues: Who We Study Matters

Scale Construction: a Most Fundamental Tool

True Experimental Designs: the Power of Between-Groups and Within-Subjects Designs

Quasi-Experimental and Longitudinal Designs: Examining Relationships in Applied Setting

Quantitative Descriptive Designs: Describing, Explaining, and Predicting Phenomenon

Analogue Research: Maximizing Experimental Control

Single-Subject Designs: Learning From the Richness of a Sample Size of 1

Qualitative Research: Complexities and Richness From Digging Deeper

Mixed Methods Designs: When Qualitative and Quantitative Designs Meet

The Independent Variable: the Drivers of the Study

The Dependent Variable: Skillfully Measuring Intended Outcomes

Counseling Outcome Research: Does Counseling Work

Process Research: the Hows and Whys That Make Counseling Work

Program Evaluation: Applying Science and Practice to Real Life

Bias: Error Variances From Investigators, Experimenters, and Participants

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