Question 1

Identify an element that needs to be stated in a written consent form to document the informed agreement of a participant for a study.

Accepted Answer

A)  A description of the researcher's scholarly achievements 
B)  The set of ethical guidelines called Code of Ethics, developed by the American Counseling Association (AC
A)  and the American Psychological Association (AP
A)  
C)  A statement indicating voluntary participation and option of discontinuation without penalty 
D)  The financial benefits to the family of the participant 
A)  A description of the researcher's scholarly achievements 
B)  The set of ethical guidelines called Code of Ethics, developed by the American Counseling Association (AC
A)  and the American Psychological Association (AP
A)  
C)  A statement indicating voluntary participation and option of discontinuation without penalty 
D)  The financial benefits to the family of the participant C

Question 2

Researchers are exempted from the need to document consent of the participants when they are observing public behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Counselors have a responsibility to conduct research that contributes to welfare for their clients. This statement corresponds to the ethical principle of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  nonmaleficence 
B)  fidelity 
C)  beneficence 
D)  justice 
A)  nonmaleficence 
B)  fidelity 
C)  beneficence 
D)  justice C

Question 4

When reporting results, it is a researcher's responsibility to:

Accepted Answer

A)  present just the facts and leave the interpretation to the stakeholders to reduce bias. 
B)  privately acknowledge contributions of all people involved in a study. 
C)  report findings and present them in a way that is clear and understandable to readers. 
D)  filter out research results that do not support a particular theory. 
A)  present just the facts and leave the interpretation to the stakeholders to reduce bias. 
B)  privately acknowledge contributions of all people involved in a study. 
C)  report findings and present them in a way that is clear and understandable to readers. 
D)  filter out research results that do not support a particular theory.

Question 5

Kitchener and Anderson (2011) suggested nine principles for responding to ethical dilemmas faced by a researcher. One of the principles states that:

Accepted Answer

A)  a researcher should slow down to reflect on a situation and come up with a calculated response when faced with an ethical dilemma. 
B)  a researcher should avoid referring to previous articles to prevent biases from creeping into his or her research design. 
C)  a researcher should consider routinely assessing the psychological adjustment and reaction of the participants involved in a study in various ways. 
D)  a researcher should be true to the spirit of creation of new knowledge and not let assumptions of other colleagues cloud his or her judgment. 
A)  a researcher should slow down to reflect on a situation and come up with a calculated response when faced with an ethical dilemma. 
B)  a researcher should avoid referring to previous articles to prevent biases from creeping into his or her research design. 
C)  a researcher should consider routinely assessing the psychological adjustment and reaction of the participants involved in a study in various ways. 
D)  a researcher should be true to the spirit of creation of new knowledge and not let assumptions of other colleagues cloud his or her judgment.

Question 6

A counselor conducts a study in her private practice. She offers free counseling services to 25 of her clients who agree to participate in the study. However, after 8 weeks of multiple free counseling sessions for each of the participants in the study, she realized that she could no longer financially afford it. Hence she asks all her clients, regardless of study participation, to resume payment for services offered. Which of the following ethical principles did the counselor transgress in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A)  Confidentiality 
B)  Fidelity 
C)  Autonomy 
D)  Beneficence 
A)  Confidentiality 
B)  Fidelity 
C)  Autonomy 
D)  Beneficence

Question 7

During the resolution of an ethical dilemma in counseling research, a counselor should document the entire decision-making process.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

The fundamental ethical principle of justice states that all people, irrespective of their differences, should be treated equally.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Even if a researcher employs other individuals, such as research assistants, the primary researcher is ultimately responsible for the execution of a research study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Which of the following courses of action is recommended in order to assess and weigh the risk/benefit ratio of a study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Selecting only those participants who have certain characteristics that make them more resistant to the risks involved in the study 
B)  Being self-assured and impervious to the views of colleagues that may introduce biases 
C)  Always giving more weightage to societal benefits than individual costs while designing a research experiment 
D)  Taking the worldview and the cultural background of the researcher into consideration while assessing risks involved in the study 
A)  Selecting only those participants who have certain characteristics that make them more resistant to the risks involved in the study 
B)  Being self-assured and impervious to the views of colleagues that may introduce biases 
C)  Always giving more weightage to societal benefits than individual costs while designing a research experiment 
D)  Taking the worldview and the cultural background of the researcher into consideration while assessing risks involved in the study

Question 11

Which of the following is true of the guidelines by American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Committee (1983) for dissertations?

Accepted Answer

A)  First authorship is acceptable if a supervisor is substantially involved in the development of the design and measurement procedures. 
B)  Second authorship may be considered obligatory if a supervisor designates the primary variables, makes major interpretative contributions, or provides the database. 
C)  First authorship is a courtesy if a supervisor provides encouragement, physical facilities, financial support, critiques, or editorial contributions. 
D)  Second authorship is unacceptable if a supervisor merely designates the general area of concern. 
A)  First authorship is acceptable if a supervisor is substantially involved in the development of the design and measurement procedures. 
B)  Second authorship may be considered obligatory if a supervisor designates the primary variables, makes major interpretative contributions, or provides the database. 
C)  First authorship is a courtesy if a supervisor provides encouragement, physical facilities, financial support, critiques, or editorial contributions. 
D)  Second authorship is unacceptable if a supervisor merely designates the general area of concern.

Question 12

A researcher's idea developed from a blend of pre-existing ideas can be considered genuine.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The effectiveness of debriefing may vary with each study or experimenter.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

In context of the use of deception in psychological studies, greater consideration should be given to the acts of omission than to the acts of commission.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

In context of the issue of confidentiality, if someone other than the experimenter will have access to data, this should be explained to the participants along with plans for maintaining confidentiality.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Researchers are not obliged to provide treatment to the participants placed in the delayed-treatment group.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Which of the following is recommended while assigning publication credits for the contributions to a research project?

Accepted Answer

A)  The order of authorship should be decided according to the decreasing order of the scholarly contributions of the researchers. 
B)  People who organized or conducted statistical analysis should be credited in the footnotes. 
C)  Faculty advisor who provides encouragement and technical assistance in designing the study should be named first author. 
D)  The first author should be authorized to decide the order of authorship to minimize potential differences of opinions among the contributors. 
A)  The order of authorship should be decided according to the decreasing order of the scholarly contributions of the researchers. 
B)  People who organized or conducted statistical analysis should be credited in the footnotes. 
C)  Faculty advisor who provides encouragement and technical assistance in designing the study should be named first author. 
D)  The first author should be authorized to decide the order of authorship to minimize potential differences of opinions among the contributors.

Question 18

All the fundamental ethical principles that form the core of counseling profession have undergone transformations with continual changes based on new developments in society and advancements in collective ethical knowledge.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true of duplicate publications?

Accepted Answer

A)  Similar questions getting addressed with the same data are acceptable due to the absence of intention of duplication. 
B)  Multiple articles reporting the same findings based on the same data set may give an impression of availability of more information on a particular topic than is warranted. 
C)  Duplicate publications are always synonymous with piecemeal publications. 
D)  Multiple reports on the same data set would be unacceptable, irrespective of the amount of time elapsed. 
A)  Similar questions getting addressed with the same data are acceptable due to the absence of intention of duplication. 
B)  Multiple articles reporting the same findings based on the same data set may give an impression of availability of more information on a particular topic than is warranted. 
C)  Duplicate publications are always synonymous with piecemeal publications. 
D)  Multiple reports on the same data set would be unacceptable, irrespective of the amount of time elapsed.

Question 20

Nonmaleficence, one of the five fundamental ethical principles, states that researchers:

Accepted Answer

A)  should not inflict intentional harm to participants and avoid the risk of harming others. 
B)  should assign participants from waiting list to delayed-treatment groups. 
C)  should treat unequals unequally only in proportion to their relevant differences. 
D)  should present the facts of how a study is going to be executed. 
A)  should not inflict intentional harm to participants and avoid the risk of harming others. 
B)  should assign participants from waiting list to delayed-treatment groups. 
C)  should treat unequals unequally only in proportion to their relevant differences. 
D)  should present the facts of how a study is going to be executed.

Exam 3: Ethics in Counseling Research: Being and Doing Right

Identify an element that needs to be stated in a written consent form to document the informed agreement of a participant for a study.

Researchers are exempted from the need to document consent of the participants when they are observing public behavior.

Counselors have a responsibility to conduct research that contributes to welfare for their clients. This statement corresponds to the ethical principle of _____.

When reporting results, it is a researcher's responsibility to:

Kitchener and Anderson (2011) suggested nine principles for responding to ethical dilemmas faced by a researcher. One of the principles states that:

During the resolution of an ethical dilemma in counseling research, a counselor should document the entire decision-making process.

The fundamental ethical principle of justice states that all people, irrespective of their differences, should be treated equally.

Even if a researcher employs other individuals, such as research assistants, the primary researcher is ultimately responsible for the execution of a research study.

Which of the following courses of action is recommended in order to assess and weigh the risk/benefit ratio of a study?

Which of the following is true of the guidelines by American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Committee (1983) for dissertations?

A researcher's idea developed from a blend of pre-existing ideas can be considered genuine.

The effectiveness of debriefing may vary with each study or experimenter.

In context of the use of deception in psychological studies, greater consideration should be given to the acts of omission than to the acts of commission.

In context of the issue of confidentiality, if someone other than the experimenter will have access to data, this should be explained to the participants along with plans for maintaining confidentiality.

Researchers are not obliged to provide treatment to the participants placed in the delayed-treatment group.

Which of the following is recommended while assigning publication credits for the contributions to a research project?

All the fundamental ethical principles that form the core of counseling profession have undergone transformations with continual changes based on new developments in society and advancements in collective ethical knowledge.

Which of the following statements is true of duplicate publications?

Nonmaleficence, one of the five fundamental ethical principles, states that researchers:

Philosophies of Science and Counseling: Why Science Matters to Counseling

Research Training: Joys and Challenges

Professional Writing: a Critical Skill for Scientists and Practitioners

Identifying Interests and Operationalizing Topics: Forget That Perfect Study

Choosing Research Designs: Balancing Ideals and Realities

Validity Issues in Research: the Heart of It All

Population Issues: Who We Study Matters

Diverse Perspectives: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations

Scale Construction: a Most Fundamental Tool

True Experimental Designs: the Power of Between-Groups and Within-Subjects Designs

Quasi-Experimental and Longitudinal Designs: Examining Relationships in Applied Setting

Quantitative Descriptive Designs: Describing, Explaining, and Predicting Phenomenon

Analogue Research: Maximizing Experimental Control

Single-Subject Designs: Learning From the Richness of a Sample Size of 1

Qualitative Research: Complexities and Richness From Digging Deeper

Mixed Methods Designs: When Qualitative and Quantitative Designs Meet

The Independent Variable: the Drivers of the Study

The Dependent Variable: Skillfully Measuring Intended Outcomes

Counseling Outcome Research: Does Counseling Work

Process Research: the Hows and Whys That Make Counseling Work

Program Evaluation: Applying Science and Practice to Real Life

Bias: Error Variances From Investigators, Experimenters, and Participants

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