Exam 23: Bias: Error Variances From Investigators, Experimenters, and Participants

Participants in psychological experiments in general have a desire to present themselves in a positive light.

In the real world, an investigator is able to engage in a scientific study and remains an impartial, passive observer throughout.

Which of the following is a possible source of bias due to investigator and experimenter expectancies?

A researcher should use two or more experimenters for each level of the independent variable in a study to reduce the possible effects of experimenter attributes.

Bias due to _____ occurs in the design aspects due to expectations during the research design process.

Outcome effects for a preferred treatment are diminished in studies with stronger research allegiance.

As observed by Christensen (1980), participants entering a psychological experiment are passive organisms just waiting to respond to the independent variable.

_____, one of the major types of bias, are primarily biological and interpersonal characteristics of an experimenter that may cause differential responses in research participants.

Which of the following is true of participants' abilities to report their experiences during a research study?

An ideal participant comes to a research experiment without any preconceived notions and is willing to disclose personal information concerning their innermost secrets.

When both research participants and an experimenter are kept blind, the study is called double blind.

Which of the following is recommended to a researcher seeking to reduce participant bias?

In the context of participants' abilities to report their experiences during research, which of the following do people use to access knowledge about emotions by beliefs of how they would feel in general?

Which of the following is a strategy that is used to reduce the impacts of investigator and experimenter expectancies?

When a research study is designed with stronger methodological quality, the link between research allegiance and outcome is stronger.

Characteristics of experimenters (e.g., race of counselors) can influence how participants perceive the effect of counseling in research studies.

With the passage of time, oftentimes when people are unable to utilize episodic knowledge, they turn to experiential knowledge.

_____ are cues within an experiment that may influence participants to respond in a particular way apart from the independent variable.

In the context of participant characteristics that can bias an experimental study, which of the following statements is true?

Johnson, with his team of researchers, is conducting a research that measures the amount of counseling intervention clients require to minimize the effects of their depression. He wishes to know the extent to which the intervention was helpful. However, a majority of the participants were reluctant to cooperate with him. This was because the clients were in denial of the fact that they were depressed in the first place. In this scenario, _____ would have been a responsible factor for confounding the outcomes of Johnson's research.