Question 1

Describe the biological perspective on classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the presence or

Question 2

Responses are conditioned more effectively when the reinforcement is immediate.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

For years, Sylvester the cat has been fed canned tuna that has been opened with an electric can opener. Now Sylvester races into the kitchen every time he hears the can opener. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

Accepted Answer

A)  the sound of the can opener 
B)  Sylvester's owner 
C)  food other than his 
D)  the tuna 
A)  the sound of the can opener 
B)  Sylvester's owner 
C)  food other than his 
D)  the tuna

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  food 
B)  praise 
C)  money 
D)  books 
A)  food 
B)  praise 
C)  money 
D)  books

Question 5

Extinction in operant conditioning involves

Accepted Answer

A)  withholding reinforcement. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  negative reinforcement. 
A)  withholding reinforcement. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 6

Which of the following behaviours is likely the result of shaping?

Accepted Answer

A)  A dog salivates at the sound of an electric can opener. 
B)  Tropical fish swim to the top of the tank at feeding time. 
C)  A cat sleeps on the warm hearth before a fireplace. 
D)  A dolphin leaps through a ring of fire suspended over the water. 
A)  A dog salivates at the sound of an electric can opener. 
B)  Tropical fish swim to the top of the tank at feeding time. 
C)  A cat sleeps on the warm hearth before a fireplace. 
D)  A dolphin leaps through a ring of fire suspended over the water.

Question 7

Katrin's gambling on a slot machine is reinforced according to the

Accepted Answer

A)  variable-ratio schedule. 
B)  fixed-interval schedule. 
C)  variable-interval schedule. 
D)  fixed-ratio schedule. 
A)  variable-ratio schedule. 
B)  fixed-interval schedule. 
C)  variable-interval schedule. 
D)  fixed-ratio schedule.

Question 8

Procrastinators are people who

Accepted Answer

A)  can stay with one task for a long time. 
B)  are well organized. 
C)  have difficulty starting and/or finishing a project. 
D)  like to do things in a timely fashion. 
A)  can stay with one task for a long time. 
B)  are well organized. 
C)  have difficulty starting and/or finishing a project. 
D)  like to do things in a timely fashion.

Question 9

Bandura used tokens to enhance his demonstration of observational learning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

For maximum effectiveness, when operantly conditioning a behaviour, the reinforcer should be presented ________ the target behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  at the same time as 
B)  several minutes after 
C)  immediately before 
D)  immediately after 
A)  at the same time as 
B)  several minutes after 
C)  immediately before 
D)  immediately after

Question 11

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. Salivating to the sight of the napkins in this situation is the

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  conditioned response. 
C)  unconditioned response. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus. 
A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  conditioned response. 
C)  unconditioned response. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus.

Question 12

Punishment is most effective when it is given

Accepted Answer

A)  immediately following the behaviour. 
B)  after a long delay following the behaviour. 
C)  on a variable schedule. 
D)  after a short delay following the behaviour. 
A)  immediately following the behaviour. 
B)  after a long delay following the behaviour. 
C)  on a variable schedule. 
D)  after a short delay following the behaviour.

Question 13

Positive reinforcement tends to ________ the probability of a response; negative reinforcement tends to ________ the probability of a response.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase; decrease 
B)  decrease; decrease 
C)  decrease; increase 
D)  increase; increase 
A)  increase; decrease 
B)  decrease; decrease 
C)  decrease; increase 
D)  increase; increase

Question 14

In classical conditioning, what is the term for a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response because it has been paired repeatedly with another stimulus that reliably elicits that response?

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned reflex 
C)  conditioned stimulus 
D)  aversive stimulus 
A)  unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned reflex 
C)  conditioned stimulus 
D)  aversive stimulus

Question 15

According to the principles of operant conditioning, refusing to give the child who is having a tantrum what he is asking for, will

Accepted Answer

A)  cause problems between the parents. 
B)  extinguish the behaviour. 
C)  only provoke further negative behaviour. 
D)  severely traumatize the child. 
A)  cause problems between the parents. 
B)  extinguish the behaviour. 
C)  only provoke further negative behaviour. 
D)  severely traumatize the child.

Question 16

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths, which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the tone is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  an unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  an unconditioned response. 
C)  a conditioned stimulus. 
D)  a conditioned response. 
A)  an unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  an unconditioned response. 
C)  a conditioned stimulus. 
D)  a conditioned response.

Question 17

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a desired behaviour has occurred

Accepted Answer

A)  is the reverse of positive reinforcement. 
B)  is called awful reinforcement. 
C)  is known as prototypical reinforcement. 
D)  is called negative reinforcement. 
A)  is the reverse of positive reinforcement. 
B)  is called awful reinforcement. 
C)  is known as prototypical reinforcement. 
D)  is called negative reinforcement.

Question 18

For five of the following, give an example you have experienced (or might experience) as a college student: (1) classical conditioning; (2) operant conditioning; (3) observational learning; (4) latent learning; (5) conditioned taste aversions; (6) extinction; (7) shaping. Be certain that your examples clearly illustrate the concept.

Accepted Answer

Remember that students need on

Question 19

How do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement reach the same goal?

Accepted Answer

Both positive reinforcement and negative

Question 20

Which of the following statements about punishment is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It may merely suppress rather than eliminate unwanted behaviour. 
B)  It can create strong fear that interferes with performance. 
C)  It has long been considered by psychologists to be the most useful conditioning consequence. 
D)  It can arouse anger and hostility. 
A)  It may merely suppress rather than eliminate unwanted behaviour. 
B)  It can create strong fear that interferes with performance. 
C)  It has long been considered by psychologists to be the most useful conditioning consequence. 
D)  It can arouse anger and hostility.

Describe the biological perspective on classical conditioning.

Responses are conditioned more effectively when the reinforcement is immediate.

For years, Sylvester the cat has been fed canned tuna that has been opened with an electric can opener. Now Sylvester races into the kitchen every time he hears the can opener. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Extinction in operant conditioning involves

Which of the following behaviours is likely the result of shaping?

Katrin's gambling on a slot machine is reinforced according to the

Procrastinators are people who

Bandura used tokens to enhance his demonstration of observational learning.

For maximum effectiveness, when operantly conditioning a behaviour, the reinforcer should be presented ________ the target behaviour.

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. Salivating to the sight of the napkins in this situation is the

Punishment is most effective when it is given

Positive reinforcement tends to the probability of a response; negative reinforcement tends to the probability of a response.

In classical conditioning, what is the term for a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response because it has been paired repeatedly with another stimulus that reliably elicits that response?

According to the principles of operant conditioning, refusing to give the child who is having a tantrum what he is asking for, will

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths, which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the tone is an example of

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a desired behaviour has occurred

How do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement reach the same goal?

Which of the following statements about punishment is false?

Introduction to Psychology

Biology and Behaviour

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Exam 5: Learning

Describe the biological perspective on classical conditioning.

Responses are conditioned more effectively when the reinforcement is immediate.

For years, Sylvester the cat has been fed canned tuna that has been opened with an electric can opener. Now Sylvester races into the kitchen every time he hears the can opener. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Extinction in operant conditioning involves

Which of the following behaviours is likely the result of shaping?

Katrin's gambling on a slot machine is reinforced according to the

Procrastinators are people who

Bandura used tokens to enhance his demonstration of observational learning.

For maximum effectiveness, when operantly conditioning a behaviour, the reinforcer should be presented ________ the target behaviour.

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. Salivating to the sight of the napkins in this situation is the

Punishment is most effective when it is given

Positive reinforcement tends to ________ the probability of a response; negative reinforcement tends to ________ the probability of a response.

In classical conditioning, what is the term for a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response because it has been paired repeatedly with another stimulus that reliably elicits that response?

According to the principles of operant conditioning, refusing to give the child who is having a tantrum what he is asking for, will

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths, which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the tone is an example of

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a desired behaviour has occurred

How do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement reach the same goal?

Which of the following statements about punishment is false?

Introduction to Psychology

Biology and Behaviour

Sensation and Perception

States of Consciousness

Memory

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Development

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Personality, Theory and Assessment

Health and Stress

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

Positive reinforcement tends to the probability of a response; negative reinforcement tends to the probability of a response.