Exam 5: Society,social Structure,and Interaction in Everyday Life

We act on reality as we see it.Sociologists describe this process as the definition of the situation,meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves,determine what is in our best interest,and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.This can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy (a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true).

Sociologist Helen Ebaugh studied the process of role exit by interviewing ex-convicts,ex-nuns,retirees,divorced men and women,and others who had exited voluntarily from significant social roles.Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages.______________is the second stage.

In relation to stability and change in societies,describe sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies' Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft approach.

Which of the following sociologists used the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to characterize the degree of social solidarity and social control found in societies?

According to sociologist Helen Ebaugh,in the______________stage of role exit,people realize that they must take some final action (such as quitting their job or getting a divorce).

Traditionally,people of color and white women have been excluded from powerful "old­boy" social networks.

Family,close friends,and school- or work-related peer groups would all be examples of:

Anthropologist Edward Hall asserted that______________is the immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private.

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of______________that shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation,including how,where,when,and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

Sociologist______________asserted that preindustrial societies are held together by strong traditions and by the members' shared moral beliefs and values.As societies industrialized and developed more specialized economic activities,social solidarity came to be rooted in the members' shared dependence on one another.

Sociologist Harold Garfinkel developed dramaturgy-the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.

Social structure is essential for the survival of society and for the well-being of individuals because it provides a social web of familial support and social relationships that connects each of us to the larger society.

State the definition for social institution and name the major institutions found in contemporary society.

The National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty is an example of a(n):

Conflict theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies,where a few people control the labor of many,the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people (for example,owner-worker and employer-employee).

Facial expressions,especially smiles,reflect gender-based patterns of dominance and subordination in society.In addition to smiling more frequently,many women tend to tilt their heads in deferential positions when they are talking or listening to others.

Although all jobs place some burden on our feelings,emotional labor occurs only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or the production of a state of mind (such as hope,desire,or fear)in others.

A(n)______________is any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance.

President Barack Obama occupies various statuses,including status as an African American,a husband,and a father.However,Obama's status as president of the United States functions as a master status.

In hunting and gathering societies,education,religion,and politics are not formal social institutions.Instead,their functions take place on an informal basis in the kinship group,which is responsible for teaching children basic survival skills such as how to hunt and gather food.