Question 1

According to the first chapter in your textbook, research in cognitive neuroscience

Accepted Answer

A)  shows that most cognitive processes can be traced to a specific location in the brain. 
B)  often obtains brain images while people are working on a cognitive task. 
C)  is currently most likely to explore cognitive processes by using the brain-lesion method. 
D)  has declined in its popularity during the past 10-15 years. 
A)  shows that most cognitive processes can be traced to a specific location in the brain. 
B)  often obtains brain images while people are working on a cognitive task. 
C)  is currently most likely to explore cognitive processes by using the brain-lesion method. 
D)  has declined in its popularity during the past 10-15 years.

Question 2

Chapter 1 of your textbook ends with a discussion about the five themes of this book. According to this discussion,

Accepted Answer

A)  cognition is generally not very accurate. 
B)  cognition typically emphasizes both top-down and bottom-up processing. 
C)  children typically emphasize top-down processing, but adults typically emphasize bottom-up processing. 
D)  cognition is typically more accurate for negative information than for positive information. 
A)  cognition is generally not very accurate. 
B)  cognition typically emphasizes both top-down and bottom-up processing. 
C)  children typically emphasize top-down processing, but adults typically emphasize bottom-up processing. 
D)  cognition is typically more accurate for negative information than for positive information.

Question 3

Prior to 1995, cognitive psychologists tended to focus strongly on understanding

Accepted Answer

A)  why certain individuals perform better or worse on a particular task 
B)  how cognitive processes change over time 
C)  how the "average" person performs on cognitive tasks 
D)  why depressed individuals underperform relative to nondepressed individuals 
A)  why certain individuals perform better or worse on a particular task 
B)  how cognitive processes change over time 
C)  how the "average" person performs on cognitive tasks 
D)  why depressed individuals underperform relative to nondepressed individuals

Question 4

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the decline of behaviorism and the rising popularity of the cognitive approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sarah: "Psychologists began to realize that the behaviorists only emphasized behavior, and they admired how the cognitive approach emphasized people's emotional experiences." 
B)  Harlan: "Many psychologists favored the cognitive approach, because the behaviorist approach could not account for complex thought processes." 
C)  Ilia: "Most psychologists thought that the behaviorist approach was too heavily influenced by its early gestalt principles." 
D)  Savita: "In general, psychologists realized that the cognitive approach was better than the behaviorist approach in explaining individual differences." 
A)  Sarah: "Psychologists began to realize that the behaviorists only emphasized behavior, and they admired how the cognitive approach emphasized people's emotional experiences." 
B)  Harlan: "Many psychologists favored the cognitive approach, because the behaviorist approach could not account for complex thought processes." 
C)  Ilia: "Most psychologists thought that the behaviorist approach was too heavily influenced by its early gestalt principles." 
D)  Savita: "In general, psychologists realized that the cognitive approach was better than the behaviorist approach in explaining individual differences."

Question 5

Which statement about the history of cognition is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behaviorists favored the introspection technique. 
B)  William James emphasized that the human mind is active, rather than passive. 
C)  Research in cognition thrived during the period when behaviorism was strongest. 
D)  Behaviorists were influential in conducting research on problem solving. 
A)  Behaviorists favored the introspection technique. 
B)  William James emphasized that the human mind is active, rather than passive. 
C)  Research in cognition thrived during the period when behaviorism was strongest. 
D)  Behaviorists were influential in conducting research on problem solving.

Question 6

An important difference between the classical AI approach and the connectionist approach is that the classical AI approach

Accepted Answer

A)  is designed to resemble the human brain. 
B)  proceeds one step at a time. 
C)  is more successful in explaining rapid cognitive processes. 
D)  emphasizes motivational goals as well as cognitive tasks. 
A)  is designed to resemble the human brain. 
B)  proceeds one step at a time. 
C)  is more successful in explaining rapid cognitive processes. 
D)  emphasizes motivational goals as well as cognitive tasks.

Question 7

Cognitive psychologists believe that behaviorists cannot explain human language because

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviorists place too much emphasis on genetic explanations. 
B)  behaviorists cannot provide appropriate explanations because their research rarely uses operational definitions. 
C)  language has a complex structure that cannot be explained in terms of stimuli and responses. 
D)  language is acquired in humans through adults' careful teaching of young children. 
A)  behaviorists place too much emphasis on genetic explanations. 
B)  behaviorists cannot provide appropriate explanations because their research rarely uses operational definitions. 
C)  language has a complex structure that cannot be explained in terms of stimuli and responses. 
D)  language is acquired in humans through adults' careful teaching of young children.

Question 8

Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children's acquisition of gender stereotypes. Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  "How parents' reinforcement of behaviors shapes stereotypes" 
B)  "The effects of classical conditioning on children's emotional reactions to gender stereotypes" 
C)  "How early emotional reactions to parents influence later gender stereotypes" 
D)  "Children's memory for gender-consistent information" 
A)  "How parents' reinforcement of behaviors shapes stereotypes" 
B)  "The effects of classical conditioning on children's emotional reactions to gender stereotypes" 
C)  "How early emotional reactions to parents influence later gender stereotypes" 
D)  "Children's memory for gender-consistent information"

Question 9

Suppose that you want to see whether the human brain responds differently when a person reads a pleasant word, rather than an unpleasant word. Which of the following neuroscience techniques would provide the most useful information about processing these two kinds of words?

Accepted Answer

A)  The event-related potential (ERP) technique 
B)  The connectionist approach 
C)  The brain-lesion technique 
D)  A positron emission tomography (PET) scan 
A)  The event-related potential (ERP) technique 
B)  The connectionist approach 
C)  The brain-lesion technique 
D)  A positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Question 10

An important characteristic of the connectionist approach is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the neural activity that corresponds to a particular cognitive activity is typically limited to a single small location. 
B)  many cognitive activities rely on serial operations. 
C)  it is flexible enough to explain many cognitive skills. 
D)  it can only explain higher mental processes, such as decision making. 
A)  the neural activity that corresponds to a particular cognitive activity is typically limited to a single small location. 
B)  many cognitive activities rely on serial operations. 
C)  it is flexible enough to explain many cognitive skills. 
D)  it can only explain higher mental processes, such as decision making.

Question 11

A cognitive psychologist who analyzes a cognitive task in terms of a series of stages-like the way a computer operates-is using which of the following approaches?

Accepted Answer

A)  The information-processing approach 
B)  The introspection approach 
C)  The gestalt approach 
D)  The parallel distributed processing approach 
A)  The information-processing approach 
B)  The introspection approach 
C)  The gestalt approach 
D)  The parallel distributed processing approach

Question 12

According to the themes of your textbook,

Accepted Answer

A)  our cognitive processes typically operate independently of one another. 
B)  our cognitive processes usually occur automatically. 
C)  our cognitive processes are quite accurate; our errors can often be traced to strategies that are useful in other situations. 
D)  we react to negative information more efficiently than we react to positive information. 
A)  our cognitive processes typically operate independently of one another. 
B)  our cognitive processes usually occur automatically. 
C)  our cognitive processes are quite accurate; our errors can often be traced to strategies that are useful in other situations. 
D)  we react to negative information more efficiently than we react to positive information.

Question 13

Which of the following women was an early researcher in memory who reported the recency effect and also became the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dorothea Dix 
B)  Leta Stetter Hollingworth 
C)  Mary Whiton Calkins 
D)  Margaret Floy Washburn 
A)  Dorothea Dix 
B)  Leta Stetter Hollingworth 
C)  Mary Whiton Calkins 
D)  Margaret Floy Washburn

Question 14

The term "pure AI" refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  research that considers human limitations in cognitive processing. 
B)  an approach that attempts to accomplish a task as efficiently as possible. 
C)  an emphasis on the ecological validity of research in cognitive psychology. 
D)  a technique used in neuroscience that records the responses from a single cell in the brain. 
A)  research that considers human limitations in cognitive processing. 
B)  an approach that attempts to accomplish a task as efficiently as possible. 
C)  an emphasis on the ecological validity of research in cognitive psychology. 
D)  a technique used in neuroscience that records the responses from a single cell in the brain.

Question 15

Which of the following research topics would be most likely to interest a behaviorist?

Accepted Answer

A)  The effect of parents' marital satisfaction on children's nightmares. 
B)  The effect of praise on children's running speed. 
C)  Individual differences in verbal ability. 
D)  The relationship between the true size of an object and its size as represented in a mental image. 
A)  The effect of parents' marital satisfaction on children's nightmares. 
B)  The effect of praise on children's running speed. 
C)  Individual differences in verbal ability. 
D)  The relationship between the true size of an object and its size as represented in a mental image.

Question 16

Based on the discussion of artificial intelligence in Chapter 1,

Accepted Answer

A)  both computers and humans have limited capacities. 
B)  the psychologists who developed the information-processing approach emphasized that human cognitive processes are very different from artificial-intelligence models. 
C)  a flowchart cannot be used in studying either computers or human cognitive processes. 
D)  the computer metaphor has only limited usefulness. 
A)  both computers and humans have limited capacities. 
B)  the psychologists who developed the information-processing approach emphasized that human cognitive processes are very different from artificial-intelligence models. 
C)  a flowchart cannot be used in studying either computers or human cognitive processes. 
D)  the computer metaphor has only limited usefulness.

Question 17

Metacognition refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  your thoughts about your cognitive processes. 
B)  a technique that records brief fluctuations in the brain's electrical activity. 
C)  the application of cognitive psychology in everyday, naturalistic situations. 
D)  the use of computers to model human cognitive activity. 
A)  your thoughts about your cognitive processes. 
B)  a technique that records brief fluctuations in the brain's electrical activity. 
C)  the application of cognitive psychology in everyday, naturalistic situations. 
D)  the use of computers to model human cognitive activity.

Question 18

Research on people with brain lesions

Accepted Answer

A)  usually focuses on the way that isolated nerve cells function. 
B)  emphasizes that most people who have had strokes won't ever recover the ability to perform a cognitive task. 
C)  is a relatively recent neuroscience approach to cognition. 
D)  studies people who cannot perform specific cognitive tasks after they have had a stroke, tumor, or accident. 
A)  usually focuses on the way that isolated nerve cells function. 
B)  emphasizes that most people who have had strokes won't ever recover the ability to perform a cognitive task. 
C)  is a relatively recent neuroscience approach to cognition. 
D)  studies people who cannot perform specific cognitive tasks after they have had a stroke, tumor, or accident.

Question 19

The information-processing approach

Accepted Answer

A)  grew directly out of behaviorism. 
B)  was facilitated by the early research in computer science. 
C)  was inspired by linguists, such as Noam Chomsky, who provided extensive analyses about the way that sentences are coded in memory. 
D)  is primarily used to explain cognitive development. 
A)  grew directly out of behaviorism. 
B)  was facilitated by the early research in computer science. 
C)  was inspired by linguists, such as Noam Chomsky, who provided extensive analyses about the way that sentences are coded in memory. 
D)  is primarily used to explain cognitive development.

Question 20

Why are cognitive psychologists less interested in the information-processing approach than they were in earlier years?

Accepted Answer

A)  They now realize that the complexity of human thinking requires more sophisticated models. 
B)  They acknowledge that behaviorist principles can explain memory more effectively. 
C)  They argue that the model does not place enough emphasis on serial processing. 
D)  They point out that the model works only for visual information, rather than for auditory information. 
A)  They now realize that the complexity of human thinking requires more sophisticated models. 
B)  They acknowledge that behaviorist principles can explain memory more effectively. 
C)  They argue that the model does not place enough emphasis on serial processing. 
D)  They point out that the model works only for visual information, rather than for auditory information.

According to the first chapter in your textbook, research in cognitive neuroscience

Chapter 1 of your textbook ends with a discussion about the five themes of this book. According to this discussion,

Prior to 1995, cognitive psychologists tended to focus strongly on understanding

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the decline of behaviorism and the rising popularity of the cognitive approach?

Which statement about the history of cognition is correct?

An important difference between the classical AI approach and the connectionist approach is that the classical AI approach

Cognitive psychologists believe that behaviorists cannot explain human language because

Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children's acquisition of gender stereotypes. Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach?

Suppose that you want to see whether the human brain responds differently when a person reads a pleasant word, rather than an unpleasant word. Which of the following neuroscience techniques would provide the most useful information about processing these two kinds of words?

An important characteristic of the connectionist approach is that

A cognitive psychologist who analyzes a cognitive task in terms of a series of stages-like the way a computer operates-is using which of the following approaches?

According to the themes of your textbook,

Which of the following women was an early researcher in memory who reported the recency effect and also became the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

The term "pure AI" refers to

Which of the following research topics would be most likely to interest a behaviorist?

Based on the discussion of artificial intelligence in Chapter 1,

Metacognition refers to

Research on people with brain lesions

The information-processing approach

Why are cognitive psychologists less interested in the information-processing approach than they were in earlier years?

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 1: An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

According to the first chapter in your textbook, research in cognitive neuroscience

Chapter 1 of your textbook ends with a discussion about the five themes of this book. According to this discussion,

Prior to 1995, cognitive psychologists tended to focus strongly on understanding

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the decline of behaviorism and the rising popularity of the cognitive approach?

Which statement about the history of cognition is correct?

An important difference between the classical AI approach and the connectionist approach is that the classical AI approach

Cognitive psychologists believe that behaviorists cannot explain human language because

Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children's acquisition of gender stereotypes. Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach?

Suppose that you want to see whether the human brain responds differently when a person reads a pleasant word, rather than an unpleasant word. Which of the following neuroscience techniques would provide the most useful information about processing these two kinds of words?

An important characteristic of the connectionist approach is that

A cognitive psychologist who analyzes a cognitive task in terms of a series of stages-like the way a computer operates-is using which of the following approaches?

According to the themes of your textbook,

Which of the following women was an early researcher in memory who reported the recency effect and also became the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

The term "pure AI" refers to

Which of the following research topics would be most likely to interest a behaviorist?

Based on the discussion of artificial intelligence in Chapter 1,

Metacognition refers to

Research on people with brain lesions

The information-processing approach

Why are cognitive psychologists less interested in the information-processing approach than they were in earlier years?

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters