Question 1

Which is true of enhancer DNA sequences? (Select all that apply. )

Accepted Answer

A) They contain TATA boxes. 
B) They only function to increase gene transcription levels above the basal level. 
C) They retain function if their nucleotide sequence is moved or inverted. 
D) They can be more than 10 kilobases from the genes they regulate. 
E) They may bind to more than one transcription factor at the same time. 
A) They contain TATA boxes. 
B) They only function to increase gene transcription levels above the basal level. 
C) They retain function if their nucleotide sequence is moved or inverted. 
D) They can be more than 10 kilobases from the genes they regulate. 
E) They may bind to more than one transcription factor at the same time. C, D, E

Question 2

Interactions between an enhancer and a repressor initiates a series of events that result in a change in gene expression.In what order can the events occur? (Some steps may not be used.Put the remaining steps in chronological order from first to last. ) 1.Transcription of the gene of interest is reduced.
2.A corepressor is recruited.
3.Chromatin around the gene of interest expands.
4.Histone tails may be methylated or deacetylated.
5.Chromatin around the gene of interest becomes more compact.
6.Proteins attached to the promoter and enhancer associate with each other and DNA bends.

Accepted Answer

A) 2, 4, 5, 1 
B) 2, 6, 5, 1 
C) 6, 4, 3, 1 
D) 2, 6, 4, 5, 1 
E) 4, 5, 1, 2 
A) 2, 4, 5, 1 
B) 2, 6, 5, 1 
C) 6, 4, 3, 1 
D) 2, 6, 4, 5, 1 
E) 4, 5, 1, 2 A

Question 3

A variation in gene function that does not involve a change in DNA sequence but can be inherited is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) enhancer trap. 
B) replication origin. 
C) Mendelian trait. 
D) mutant chromosome. 
E) epigenetic phenomenon. 
A) enhancer trap. 
B) replication origin. 
C) Mendelian trait. 
D) mutant chromosome. 
E) epigenetic phenomenon. E

Question 4

Enhancers can be identified by

Accepted Answer

A) cloning a region of DNA with the putative enhancer in a reporter plasmid and demonstrating an increase in gene expression when the construct is introduced into a eukaryotic cell. 
B) sequence comparison with promoter sequences that are already known. 
C) introducing two separate pieces of DNA into a eukaryotic cell.One is a fragment of DNA with the putative enhancer and the other is a plasmid that contains a reporter gene. 
D) cloning the putative enhancer into a plasmid and measuring the level of reporter gene expression in a prokaryotic cell. 
A) cloning a region of DNA with the putative enhancer in a reporter plasmid and demonstrating an increase in gene expression when the construct is introduced into a eukaryotic cell. 
B) sequence comparison with promoter sequences that are already known. 
C) introducing two separate pieces of DNA into a eukaryotic cell.One is a fragment of DNA with the putative enhancer and the other is a plasmid that contains a reporter gene. 
D) cloning the putative enhancer into a plasmid and measuring the level of reporter gene expression in a prokaryotic cell.

Question 5

This pedigree shows the inheritance pattern of a disease caused by a paternally imprinted allele in a family.Genetic testing of individuals I-1 and II-5 indicates they are carriers of the disease allele.No one else in the family agreed to be tested.If first cousins III-4 and III-5 have a child together (IV-1)what is the chance the child will have the disease? (assume complete penetrance) Reference for pedigree: Modified from www.cell.com/trends/molecular-medicine/fulltext/S1471-4914(14)00138-5

Accepted Answer

A) 0 
B) 1/9 
C) 1/4 
D) 1/2 
E) 1/3 
A) 0 
B) 1/9 
C) 1/4 
D) 1/2 
E) 1/3

Question 6

What is the term for a cis-acting DNA sequence that may function at a distance from the gene they are regulating?

Accepted Answer

A) promoter 
B) terminator 
C) enhancer 
D) activator 
E) transcription factor 
A) promoter 
B) terminator 
C) enhancer 
D) activator 
E) transcription factor

Question 7

Why is the number of X chromosomes crucial for sex determination in Drosophila?

Accepted Answer

A) The Sxl promoter is responsive to the concentration of four transcription factors produced from genes on the X chromosomes. 
B) The Sxl promoter is responsive to the concentration of four transcription factors produced from genes on the Y chromosome. 
C) The X chromosome produces a single transcription factor that results in a male if at a low concentration and a female in a high concentration. 
D) The Sxl promoter is repressed by increased concentrations of transcription factors that are produced from genes on the X chromosome. 
A) The Sxl promoter is responsive to the concentration of four transcription factors produced from genes on the X chromosomes. 
B) The Sxl promoter is responsive to the concentration of four transcription factors produced from genes on the Y chromosome. 
C) The X chromosome produces a single transcription factor that results in a male if at a low concentration and a female in a high concentration. 
D) The Sxl promoter is repressed by increased concentrations of transcription factors that are produced from genes on the X chromosome.

Question 8

Insulators act to

Accepted Answer

A) interfere with the association between enhancers and specific promoters. 
B) remodel chromatin structure. 
C) bind with repressors. 
D) bind with activators. 
A) interfere with the association between enhancers and specific promoters. 
B) remodel chromatin structure. 
C) bind with repressors. 
D) bind with activators.

Question 9

The leucine zipper motif functions to

Accepted Answer

A) mediate the physical association of two polypeptides. 
B) anchor transcriptional activator proteins to enhancer sequences. 
C) release leucines from misfolded transcription factors. 
D) integrate leucines and isoleucines into newly translated transcriptional activators. 
E) separate DNA strands for transcription. 
A) mediate the physical association of two polypeptides. 
B) anchor transcriptional activator proteins to enhancer sequences. 
C) release leucines from misfolded transcription factors. 
D) integrate leucines and isoleucines into newly translated transcriptional activators. 
E) separate DNA strands for transcription.

Question 10

The ChIP technique can be used to identify putative DNA binding sites for various transcription factors because it

Accepted Answer

A) identifies DNA sequences bound to specific proteins. 
B) identifies all sites bound by proteins in the nucleus. 
C) identifies the size of different protein-DNA complexes. 
D) identifies proteins that can interact with mRNA. 
A) identifies DNA sequences bound to specific proteins. 
B) identifies all sites bound by proteins in the nucleus. 
C) identifies the size of different protein-DNA complexes. 
D) identifies proteins that can interact with mRNA.

Question 11

Which is the best method to demonstrate the function of a putative enhancer?

Accepted Answer

A) Clone a region of DNA with the putative enhancer into a reporter construct, introduce the construct into eukaryotic cells, and measure expression of the reporter protein. 
B) Compare DNA sequences from two or more species and identify conserved regions located outside of coding regions. 
C) Introduce two separate pieces of DNA into a eukaryotic cell; one is a fragment of DNA with the putative enhancer and the other is a plasmid that contains a reporter gene. 
D) Clone the putative enhancer into a reporter construct and measure the level of reporter gene expression in a prokaryotic cell. 
E) Crosslink genomic DNA and associated proteins, fragment the DNA, use an antibody to isolate DNA sequences bound to a particular transcription factor, and sequence the DNA. 
A) Clone a region of DNA with the putative enhancer into a reporter construct, introduce the construct into eukaryotic cells, and measure expression of the reporter protein. 
B) Compare DNA sequences from two or more species and identify conserved regions located outside of coding regions. 
C) Introduce two separate pieces of DNA into a eukaryotic cell; one is a fragment of DNA with the putative enhancer and the other is a plasmid that contains a reporter gene. 
D) Clone the putative enhancer into a reporter construct and measure the level of reporter gene expression in a prokaryotic cell. 
E) Crosslink genomic DNA and associated proteins, fragment the DNA, use an antibody to isolate DNA sequences bound to a particular transcription factor, and sequence the DNA.

Question 12

What is a trans-acting factor that increases transcription above the basal rate called?

Accepted Answer

A) repressor 
B) activator 
C) promoter 
D) enhancer 
E) basal factor 
A) repressor 
B) activator 
C) promoter 
D) enhancer 
E) basal factor

Question 13

What is the relationship between methylation and genomic imprinting?

Accepted Answer

A) Differential methylation of DNA in males and females results in only one of the parental alleles being transcriptionally active in the offspring. 
B) DNA methylation silences the alleles inherited from both parents, so no alleles are transcriptionally active. 
C) Reversible methylation of DNA inherited from the father results in the paternal alleles being expressed only late in development. 
D) Reversible methylation of DNA inherited from the mother results in the maternal alleles being expressed only late in development. 
A) Differential methylation of DNA in males and females results in only one of the parental alleles being transcriptionally active in the offspring. 
B) DNA methylation silences the alleles inherited from both parents, so no alleles are transcriptionally active. 
C) Reversible methylation of DNA inherited from the father results in the paternal alleles being expressed only late in development. 
D) Reversible methylation of DNA inherited from the mother results in the maternal alleles being expressed only late in development.

Question 14

Recessive mutations in the Sxl gene in Drosophila are lethal in homozygous XX females because

Accepted Answer

A) without Sxl protein the expression of genes on both X chromosomes is increased. 
B) increased Sxl protein signals male-specific development. 
C) these mutations are the result of a loss of both X chromosomes. 
D) Sxl is required for transcription of male-specific genes. 
E) recessive mutations are always lethal in homozygotes. 
A) without Sxl protein the expression of genes on both X chromosomes is increased. 
B) increased Sxl protein signals male-specific development. 
C) these mutations are the result of a loss of both X chromosomes. 
D) Sxl is required for transcription of male-specific genes. 
E) recessive mutations are always lethal in homozygotes.

Question 15

Which statement is true about sex determination in Drosophila?

Accepted Answer

A) Alternative splicing of Sxl transcripts in females results in an active protein that directs alternative splicing of tra transcripts in females. 
B) Sxl protein is produced early in males and it directs splicing of its own RNA to produce more Sxl in males. 
C) Four autosomal genes produce transcription factors in males and the transcription factors activate male-specific gene expression. 
D) Tra and Tra2 act together in males to alternatively splice dsx transcripts so that Dsx-M is produced. 
A) Alternative splicing of Sxl transcripts in females results in an active protein that directs alternative splicing of tra transcripts in females. 
B) Sxl protein is produced early in males and it directs splicing of its own RNA to produce more Sxl in males. 
C) Four autosomal genes produce transcription factors in males and the transcription factors activate male-specific gene expression. 
D) Tra and Tra2 act together in males to alternatively splice dsx transcripts so that Dsx-M is produced.

Question 16

A putative regulatory sequence is fused to an enhancerless GFP gene in a reporter construct and that construct is then used to generate a transgenic organism.If the putative regulatory sequence contains an enhancer that binds with an eye-specific combination of activators, how will the transgenic organism look?

Accepted Answer

A) The entire body will glow green at all times. 
B) Only the eyes will glow green at all times. 
C) Only the eyes will glow green when exposed to a particular wavelength of light. 
D) No parts of the transgenic organism will glow green. 
A) The entire body will glow green at all times. 
B) Only the eyes will glow green at all times. 
C) Only the eyes will glow green when exposed to a particular wavelength of light. 
D) No parts of the transgenic organism will glow green.

Question 17

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is similar in that

Accepted Answer

A) transcriptional machinery controls the structure of chromatin. 
B) the mRNA produced can undergo alternative splicing. 
C) both are regulated by enhancers that can be located far away from the gene. 
D) both occur within the cell nucleus. 
E) both are regulated by binding of proteins to DNA near the gene being transcribed. 
A) transcriptional machinery controls the structure of chromatin. 
B) the mRNA produced can undergo alternative splicing. 
C) both are regulated by enhancers that can be located far away from the gene. 
D) both occur within the cell nucleus. 
E) both are regulated by binding of proteins to DNA near the gene being transcribed.

Question 18

Trans-acting proteins that influence transcription are generally referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) DNA polymerases. 
B) tumor suppressors. 
C) enhancers. 
D) transcription factors. 
E) promoters. 
A) DNA polymerases. 
B) tumor suppressors. 
C) enhancers. 
D) transcription factors. 
E) promoters.

Question 19

Two identical Jun polypeptides associate with each other via their leucine zippers to form an active transcription factor.What is the transcription factor called?

Accepted Answer

A) monomer 
B) oligomer 
C) heterodimer 
D) homodimer 
E) diplomer 
A) monomer 
B) oligomer 
C) heterodimer 
D) homodimer 
E) diplomer

Question 20

What do the promoters of nearly all eukaryotic genes contain?

Accepted Answer

A) a binding site for an activator 
B) a TATA box 
C) an ATG 
D) a transcription start site 
E) a binding site for a repressor 
A) a binding site for an activator 
B) a TATA box 
C) an ATG 
D) a transcription start site 
E) a binding site for a repressor

Which is true of enhancer DNA sequences? (Select all that apply. )

A variation in gene function that does not involve a change in DNA sequence but can be inherited is a(n)

Enhancers can be identified by

What is the term for a cis-acting DNA sequence that may function at a distance from the gene they are regulating?

Why is the number of X chromosomes crucial for sex determination in Drosophila?

Insulators act to

The leucine zipper motif functions to

The ChIP technique can be used to identify putative DNA binding sites for various transcription factors because it

Which is the best method to demonstrate the function of a putative enhancer?

What is a trans-acting factor that increases transcription above the basal rate called?

What is the relationship between methylation and genomic imprinting?

Recessive mutations in the Sxl gene in Drosophila are lethal in homozygous XX females because

Which statement is true about sex determination in Drosophila?

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is similar in that

Trans-acting proteins that influence transcription are generally referred to as

Two identical Jun polypeptides associate with each other via their leucine zippers to form an active transcription factor.What is the transcription factor called?

What do the promoters of nearly all eukaryotic genes contain?

Genetics: the Study of Biological Information

Mendels Principles of Heredity

Extensions to Mendels Laws

The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Linkage, Recombination, and the Mapping of Genes on Chromosomes

DNA Structure, Replication, and Recombination

Anatomy and Function of a Gene: Dissection Through Mutation

Gene Expression: the Flow of Information From Dna to Rna to Protein

Digital Analysis of Dna

Genome Annotation

Analyzing Genomic Variation

The Eukaryotic Chromosome

Chromosomal Rearrangements and Changes in Chromosome Number

Bacterial Genetics

Organellar Inheritance

Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes

Manipulating the Genomes of Eukaryotes

The Genetic Analysis of Development

The Genetics of Cancer

Variation and Selection in Populations

The Genetics of Complex Traits

Filters

Exam 17: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

Which is true of enhancer DNA sequences? (Select all that apply. )

A variation in gene function that does not involve a change in DNA sequence but can be inherited is a(n)

Enhancers can be identified by

What is the term for a cis-acting DNA sequence that may function at a distance from the gene they are regulating?

Why is the number of X chromosomes crucial for sex determination in Drosophila?

Insulators act to

The leucine zipper motif functions to

The ChIP technique can be used to identify putative DNA binding sites for various transcription factors because it

Which is the best method to demonstrate the function of a putative enhancer?

What is a trans-acting factor that increases transcription above the basal rate called?

What is the relationship between methylation and genomic imprinting?

Recessive mutations in the Sxl gene in Drosophila are lethal in homozygous XX females because

Which statement is true about sex determination in Drosophila?

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is similar in that

Trans-acting proteins that influence transcription are generally referred to as

Two identical Jun polypeptides associate with each other via their leucine zippers to form an active transcription factor.What is the transcription factor called?

What do the promoters of nearly all eukaryotic genes contain?

Genetics: the Study of Biological Information

Mendels Principles of Heredity

Extensions to Mendels Laws

The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Linkage, Recombination, and the Mapping of Genes on Chromosomes

DNA Structure, Replication, and Recombination

Anatomy and Function of a Gene: Dissection Through Mutation

Gene Expression: the Flow of Information From Dna to Rna to Protein

Digital Analysis of Dna

Genome Annotation

Analyzing Genomic Variation

The Eukaryotic Chromosome

Chromosomal Rearrangements and Changes in Chromosome Number

Bacterial Genetics

Organellar Inheritance

Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes

Manipulating the Genomes of Eukaryotes

The Genetic Analysis of Development

The Genetics of Cancer

Variation and Selection in Populations

The Genetics of Complex Traits

Filters