Question 1

Which of the following is a potential mechanism through which proteins can acquire novel domain architectures over evolutionary time?

Accepted Answer

A) protein cleavage 
B) exon shuffling 
C) mutation in a pseudogene 
D) duplication and divergence 
E) de novo mutation 
A) protein cleavage 
B) exon shuffling 
C) mutation in a pseudogene 
D) duplication and divergence 
E) de novo mutation B

Question 2

Which disease results from deletion of the β-globin gene cluster LCR?

Accepted Answer

A) sickle-cell disease 
B) mild α-thalassemia 
C) severe α-thalassemia 
D) mild β-thalassemia 
E) severe β-thalassemia 
A) sickle-cell disease 
B) mild α-thalassemia 
C) severe α-thalassemia 
D) mild β-thalassemia 
E) severe β-thalassemia E

Question 3

Each human α-globin locus contains two α-globin genes, α1 and α2, and most individuals have two copies of the locus.Which of the genotypes would result in the most severe phenotype? (A"-" represents a deletion allele. )

Accepted Answer

A) α1 α1 / α2 α2 
B) α1 - / α2 - 
C) α1 α1 / - - 
D) α1 - / α2 α2 
E) α1 - / - - 
A) α1 α1 / α2 α2 
B) α1 - / α2 - 
C) α1 α1 / - - 
D) α1 - / α2 α2 
E) α1 - / - - E

Question 4

Approximately what proportion of the human genome is composed of the exome?

Accepted Answer

A) < 0.1% 
B) 2% 
C) 10% 
D) 20% 
E) 45% 
A) < 0.1% 
B) 2% 
C) 10% 
D) 20% 
E) 45%

Question 5

Use the BLAST tool at http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi and click "Protein blast" to find out the identity of the protein with the following amino acid sequence: CCKHPEAKRM PCAEDYLSVV LNQLCVLHEK TPVSDRVTKC CTESLVNRRP

Accepted Answer

A) myosin 
B) actin 
C) albumin 
D) DNA polymerase 
E) tubulin 
A) myosin 
B) actin 
C) albumin 
D) DNA polymerase 
E) tubulin

Question 6

Pseudogenes are evidence of

Accepted Answer

A) gene duplications. 
B) integrated viruses, or proviruses. 
C) natural selection for functional genes. 
D) de novo genes. 
E) proteins that are produced but have no function. 
A) gene duplications. 
B) integrated viruses, or proviruses. 
C) natural selection for functional genes. 
D) de novo genes. 
E) proteins that are produced but have no function.

Question 7

What information cannot be determined from the DNA sequence of a cDNA clone?

Accepted Answer

A) exon sequences 
B) sequence of the promoter 
C) similarity to previously identified sequences 
D) amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptides 
E) sequence of the spliced mRNA transcript 
A) exon sequences 
B) sequence of the promoter 
C) similarity to previously identified sequences 
D) amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptides 
E) sequence of the spliced mRNA transcript

Question 8

A single eukaryotic gene can produce two different forms of a protein, one that is membrane bound and one that is secreted.Which of these mechanisms allows a single gene to produce two different proteins from one primary transcript?

Accepted Answer

A) alternative splicing 
B) gene divergence 
C) gene duplication 
D) exon shuffling 
E) gene rearrangement 
A) alternative splicing 
B) gene divergence 
C) gene duplication 
D) exon shuffling 
E) gene rearrangement

Question 9

Which piece of evidence is most likely to indicate a gene within a genome?

Accepted Answer

A) A unique sequence within a genome is 80% similar in human, mouse, and zebrafish. 
B) A sequence is unique to a nematode genome. 
C) An identical open reading frame is found in two species of fruit fly. 
D) A sequence is repeated multiple times in the human genome. 
E) A sequence is 50% identical between human and chimp but does not include an open reading frame. 
A) A unique sequence within a genome is 80% similar in human, mouse, and zebrafish. 
B) A sequence is unique to a nematode genome. 
C) An identical open reading frame is found in two species of fruit fly. 
D) A sequence is repeated multiple times in the human genome. 
E) A sequence is 50% identical between human and chimp but does not include an open reading frame.

Question 10

Which enzyme copies an mRNA sequence into DNA during cDNA library construction?

Accepted Answer

A) RNA polymerase 
B) DNA polymerase 
C) reverse transcriptase 
D) restriction endonuclease 
A) RNA polymerase 
B) DNA polymerase 
C) reverse transcriptase 
D) restriction endonuclease

Question 11

The arms of human chromosome 2 are syntenic with two different chimpanzee chromosomes.What mechanism could have caused this pattern of synteny?

Accepted Answer

A) an inversion in the human chromosome 
B) an inversion in one of the chimpanzee chromosomes 
C) gene duplication in the human chromosome 
D) exon shuffling in the chimpanzee chromosomes 
E) a translocation involving two chromosomes 
A) an inversion in the human chromosome 
B) an inversion in one of the chimpanzee chromosomes 
C) gene duplication in the human chromosome 
D) exon shuffling in the chimpanzee chromosomes 
E) a translocation involving two chromosomes

Question 12

A BLAST search can be used for which of these applications?

Accepted Answer

A) to compare a nucleotide or amino acid sequence to databases from a variety of species 
B) to display the reading frame of a nucleotide sequence 
C) to determine whether a gene has an essential function in an organism 
D) to analyze microarray data 
E) to visualize the locations of all the genes on a single chromosome 
A) to compare a nucleotide or amino acid sequence to databases from a variety of species 
B) to display the reading frame of a nucleotide sequence 
C) to determine whether a gene has an essential function in an organism 
D) to analyze microarray data 
E) to visualize the locations of all the genes on a single chromosome

Question 13

Which of these examples represents a gene family?

Accepted Answer

A) A genome includes many genes that encode myosin motor proteins. 
B) All of the genes that are required for gamete formation in humans. 
C) A gene encoding a kinase is similar in humans, chimps, and mice. 
D) A genome includes many pseudogenes. 
E) All of the genes that are expressed in a single tissue. 
A) A genome includes many genes that encode myosin motor proteins. 
B) All of the genes that are required for gamete formation in humans. 
C) A gene encoding a kinase is similar in humans, chimps, and mice. 
D) A genome includes many pseudogenes. 
E) All of the genes that are expressed in a single tissue.

Question 14

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme encoded in the genomes of

Accepted Answer

A) red blood cells. 
B) phage λ. 
C) retroviruses. 
D) yeast. 
E) E.coli. 
A) red blood cells. 
B) phage λ. 
C) retroviruses. 
D) yeast. 
E) E.coli.

Question 15

How are open reading frames or exons predicted from genomic sequence?

Accepted Answer

A) If the open reading frame is at least 10 sense codons long, it is considered an exon. 
B) If the sequence is absent from mRNA, it is considered an exon. 
C) If there is a splice donor and acceptor site at the ends of the open reading frame, it is considered an exon. 
D) If an open reading frame is longer than 21 sense codons, it is predicted to be an exon. 
E) If an enhancer and promoter sequence are present, the downstream sequence is considered an exon. 
A) If the open reading frame is at least 10 sense codons long, it is considered an exon. 
B) If the sequence is absent from mRNA, it is considered an exon. 
C) If there is a splice donor and acceptor site at the ends of the open reading frame, it is considered an exon. 
D) If an open reading frame is longer than 21 sense codons, it is predicted to be an exon. 
E) If an enhancer and promoter sequence are present, the downstream sequence is considered an exon.

Question 16

What is a RefSeq?

Accepted Answer

A) A RefSeq is a single, complete, annotated version of a species' genomic DNA sequence that can be accessed for bioinformatic studies. 
B) A RefSeq is a constantly updated collection of DNA sequences from all species that give the latest information for bioinformatic studies. 
C) A RefSeq is a program to compare genome sequences. 
D) A RefSeq is a program that identifies open reading frames. 
A) A RefSeq is a single, complete, annotated version of a species' genomic DNA sequence that can be accessed for bioinformatic studies. 
B) A RefSeq is a constantly updated collection of DNA sequences from all species that give the latest information for bioinformatic studies. 
C) A RefSeq is a program to compare genome sequences. 
D) A RefSeq is a program that identifies open reading frames.

Question 17

Which of the following is a way that protein function can be modified AFTER translation?

Accepted Answer

A) protein cleavage 
B) transcription regulation 
C) gene duplication 
D) exon shuffling 
E) gene rearrangement 
A) protein cleavage 
B) transcription regulation 
C) gene duplication 
D) exon shuffling 
E) gene rearrangement

Question 18

What do you predict would be the effect of an inversion of the β-globin gene cluster with respect to the LCR?

Accepted Answer

A) No globin genes will be expressed and the fetus will die in utero. 
B) ε-globin will be expressed first during development. 
C) The order of globin gene expression will be reversed; the effect on the fetus cannot be predicted. 
D) The individual will develop sickle-cell disease in adult life. 
A) No globin genes will be expressed and the fetus will die in utero. 
B) ε-globin will be expressed first during development. 
C) The order of globin gene expression will be reversed; the effect on the fetus cannot be predicted. 
D) The individual will develop sickle-cell disease in adult life.

Question 19

What is one way that genes can be predicted in genome sequences?

Accepted Answer

A) identifying the sequences most conserved between different species 
B) identifying the sequences least conserved between different species 
C) identifying the regions most conserved between individuals of the same species 
D) identifying regions that have undergone the most rapid evolution 
E) identifying sequences that have been duplicated 
A) identifying the sequences most conserved between different species 
B) identifying the sequences least conserved between different species 
C) identifying the regions most conserved between individuals of the same species 
D) identifying regions that have undergone the most rapid evolution 
E) identifying sequences that have been duplicated

Question 20

How do the genes in the β-globin locus differ from each other?

Accepted Answer

A) They use different template strands for transcription. 
B) They are expressed at different times in development. 
C) They evolved from different ancestral genes. 
D) They are dispersed on different chromosomes. 
E) Some are expressed in all cells; others are expressed only in red blood cell precursors. 
A) They use different template strands for transcription. 
B) They are expressed at different times in development. 
C) They evolved from different ancestral genes. 
D) They are dispersed on different chromosomes. 
E) Some are expressed in all cells; others are expressed only in red blood cell precursors.

Exam 10: Genome Annotation

Which of the following is a potential mechanism through which proteins can acquire novel domain architectures over evolutionary time?

Which disease results from deletion of the β-globin gene cluster LCR?

Each human α-globin locus contains two α-globin genes, α1 and α2, and most individuals have two copies of the locus.Which of the genotypes would result in the most severe phenotype? (A"-" represents a deletion allele. )

Approximately what proportion of the human genome is composed of the exome?

Use the BLAST tool at http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi and click "Protein blast" to find out the identity of the protein with the following amino acid sequence: CCKHPEAKRM PCAEDYLSVV LNQLCVLHEK TPVSDRVTKC CTESLVNRRP

Pseudogenes are evidence of

What information cannot be determined from the DNA sequence of a cDNA clone?

A single eukaryotic gene can produce two different forms of a protein, one that is membrane bound and one that is secreted.Which of these mechanisms allows a single gene to produce two different proteins from one primary transcript?

Which piece of evidence is most likely to indicate a gene within a genome?

Which enzyme copies an mRNA sequence into DNA during cDNA library construction?

The arms of human chromosome 2 are syntenic with two different chimpanzee chromosomes.What mechanism could have caused this pattern of synteny?

A BLAST search can be used for which of these applications?

Which of these examples represents a gene family?

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme encoded in the genomes of

How are open reading frames or exons predicted from genomic sequence?

What is a RefSeq?

Which of the following is a way that protein function can be modified AFTER translation?

What do you predict would be the effect of an inversion of the β-globin gene cluster with respect to the LCR?

What is one way that genes can be predicted in genome sequences?

How do the genes in the β-globin locus differ from each other?

Genetics: the Study of Biological Information

Mendels Principles of Heredity

Extensions to Mendels Laws

The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Linkage, Recombination, and the Mapping of Genes on Chromosomes

DNA Structure, Replication, and Recombination

Anatomy and Function of a Gene: Dissection Through Mutation

Gene Expression: the Flow of Information From Dna to Rna to Protein

Digital Analysis of Dna

Analyzing Genomic Variation

The Eukaryotic Chromosome

Chromosomal Rearrangements and Changes in Chromosome Number

Bacterial Genetics

Organellar Inheritance

Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes

Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

Manipulating the Genomes of Eukaryotes

The Genetic Analysis of Development

The Genetics of Cancer

Variation and Selection in Populations

The Genetics of Complex Traits

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