Exam 14: Nonexperimental Quantitative Research

Dr. Pugh is conducting a research study on student's mathematical abilities. Participants are tested once a year and they are asked to solve the same math problems every year. This is an example of a:

Define cross-sectional, longitudinal, and retrospective research. Give at least one example of each type of research

Retrospective studies have problems with:

The purpose of identifying multiple rival explanations is to force the researcher to consider and examine multiple possible answers before reaching a conclusion.

A researcher investigates the relationship between teaching style and student achievement in elementary school teachers. Since she is concerned that gender might be a confounding factor in her study, she includes only female teachers. The control technique she used was:

The post hoc fallacy is:

State the definition of nonexperimental quantitative research.

Nonexperimental research follows the same steps as experimental research.

When research is done to test hypotheses and theories about how and why phenomena operate as they do, then the primary purpose of such research is:

The Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient is a measure of what:

A researcher is interested in developing a model of school achievement that includes home and school factors. She hypothesizes that some factors will have direct effects on achievement, whereas others will have indirect effects through other intervening variables. The main purpose of this research is:

Wiley's study described the achievement test scores and reading grades of a cross-sectional sample of elementary school students. He took the students' scores on an achievement test and divided the students into three groups based on their scores: high, medium, and low. He then described the reading scores of the students in the three groups. Why did he do this?

A researcher has identified multiple rival explanations as part of her research project. She is:

The first "simple case" of nonexperimental research involves:

When the comparison groups have become nonequivalent because of participants dropping rather than because of a treatment condition, we call it differential attrition.

Marilyn developed a sample of individuals who had completed graduate school. She then had them complete questionnaires pertaining to elementary school, middle school, high school, and college. Marilyn's design is:

Compare and contrast cross-sectional research, longitudinal research, and retrospective research.

Draw the typology of nonexperimental quantitative research formed by crossing the time dimension with the research objective dimension.

Which of the three required conditions for cause and effect is relatively easy to establish in nonexperimental research?

Compare and contrast quantitative and categorical independent variables. Give at least one example of each one.