Exam 14: Nonexperimental Quantitative Research

Tina is conducting a nonexperimental research study. She is following a group of students born in 2005 through school and collecting data on their academic achievement each year. She will report on the patterns she sees in the data. Tina's study can be described as a:

In a cross-sectional study, data are collected at multiple time points and comparisons are made across time.

In a retrospective study, data are collected that represent present and past status on variables. Generally speaking, the idea is to find out what past conditions helped produce a present condition.

A researcher surveyed all of the young people in a juvenile detention center and found that almost all of them had eaten white bread and drank Kool-Aid as young children. He concluded that these two items are causes of some of the teenagers' current problems. This is an example of what kind of reasoning?

A post hoc fallacy means a researcher has made what type of error?