Exam 5: The Working Cell

Which environments would be best for the functioning of animal and plant cells?

ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring a(n)________ to those molecules.

An enzyme's function is most dependent on its ________.

Which statement about enzymes is TRUE?

Scenario Cellular respiration converts the energy of fuel molecules to a form of energy that a cell can use to perform work. In an average day, most adult humans need to consume about 2,000 Calories to maintain their health. However, the exact amount of dietary Calories a person needs depends upon many factors, including the person's age, physical activity, size, and health. Foods that we consume vary greatly in their nutritional content and quality. A large hard-boiled egg, for example, has about 75 dietary Calories and contains about 70% of our recommended daily intake of cholesterol. -A person eats one hard-boiled egg and digests the egg fully. During cellular respiration MOST of the Calories in the egg is converted to ________.

Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment ________.

Which of these molecules spontaneously form membranes when mixed in water and most likely were one of the first organic compounds formed on Earth?

You are riding on your bike and stop pedaling, coasting along the road. Eventually, your bike slows down and stops. What happened to the energy of your motion when your bike stopped?

What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?

The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ________.

Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ________ and moves a substance ________ its concentration gradient.

Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely ________.

What biological process did scientists use as an inspiration for engineering enzymes to remove molecular tags from red blood cells?

The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ________.

You have a 2-kg bottle of liquid water at 0°C. About how many Calories are needed to heat up the water to 100°C?

Scenario Cellular respiration converts the energy of fuel molecules to a form of energy that a cell can use to perform work. In an average day, most adult humans need to consume about 2,000 Calories to maintain their health. However, the exact amount of dietary Calories a person needs depends upon many factors, including the person's age, physical activity, size, and health. Foods that we consume vary greatly in their nutritional content and quality. A large hard-boiled egg, for example, has about 75 dietary Calories and contains about 70% of our recommended daily intake of cholesterol. -Running burns approximately 600 Calories per hour. If you ate four hard-boiled eggs, how long would you have to run to burn them off?

Diffusion is an example of ________.

Scenario Biomedical scientists have recently developed an anticancer drug delivery system that sneaks the anticancer drug into cancer cells before releasing it. They were able to do this by using two sets of liposomes. An anticancer drug (Doxorubicin (Dox))bound to DNA molecules was added into one set of liposomes, and a high concentration of ATP molecules were added to the other set of liposomes. The drug is inactive when bound to DNA molecules. Researchers inject both types of liposomes into cancer cells, and upon doing so their contents are released. The ATP molecules from one set of liposomes bind to the DNA molecules from the other set of liposomes)and activate the drug, thus inducing cell death and decreasing tumor size. Mice with breast cancer tumors were treated with this liposome system to test the effectiveness of the drug. The scientists performed three trials-one with both types of liposomes (Dox + ATP), one with just the drug (Dox only), and one with a salt solution (control). Examine the figure below and answer the following questions. -A student in your class examines the graph and hypothesizes that ATP is what kills cancer cells, and not Dox. What follow-up experiment would allow you to test this student's hypothesis?

The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ________ site.

Which process could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings?