Question 1

Consider the accompanying figure, which outlines cloning by nuclear transplantation. Why does the clone NOT resemble the surrogate mother?

Accepted Answer

A) The sperm came from a male donor, who would also pass some of his traits to the clone. 
B) The embryonic cells are adversely influenced by the surrogate. 
C) The DNA for the clone comes from the genetic donor, not the surrogate. 
D) The nuclear material from the egg would influence the appearance of the clone. 
A) The sperm came from a male donor, who would also pass some of his traits to the clone. 
B) The embryonic cells are adversely influenced by the surrogate. 
C) The DNA for the clone comes from the genetic donor, not the surrogate. 
D) The nuclear material from the egg would influence the appearance of the clone.

Question 2

What can scientists achieve by injecting siRNAs into a cell via the process of RNA interference?

Accepted Answer

A) Scientists can turn genes on. 
B) Scientists can prevent genes from being expressed. 
C) Scientists can increase the rate of translation. 
A) Scientists can turn genes on. 
B) Scientists can prevent genes from being expressed. 
C) Scientists can increase the rate of translation.

Question 3

Scenario
You conducted a series of experiments to test whether the expression of hexokinase, an important enzyme involved in glycolysis, varies under different conditions. In the first experiment, you measured the production of hexokinase mRNA in cells at three different temperatures: 37°C, 25°C, and 10°C. Your results showed that the mRNA levels for hexokinase were 5× and 20× lower at 25°C and 10°C than at 37°C, respectively. Based on these results, you are going to conduct further experiments to attempt to answer your research question.
-DNA microarrays can be used to determine relative levels of gene expression between samples. DNA microarrays are usually interpreted by color: green means higher mRNA levels, yellow means equal levels, and red means lower levels. If you ran the samples from the temperature experiment on a DNA microarray using the 25°C experiment as a baseline, what results do you predict you would obtain?

Accepted Answer

A) The samples from the 37°C experiment would be green and the samples from the 10°C would be red. 
B) The samples from the 37°C experiment would be red and the samples from the 10°C would be green. 
C) The samples from the 37°C experiment would be green and the samples from the 10°C would be yellow. 
D) The samples from the 37°C experiment would be yellow and the samples from the 10°C would be red. 
A) The samples from the 37°C experiment would be green and the samples from the 10°C would be red. 
B) The samples from the 37°C experiment would be red and the samples from the 10°C would be green. 
C) The samples from the 37°C experiment would be green and the samples from the 10°C would be yellow. 
D) The samples from the 37°C experiment would be yellow and the samples from the 10°C would be red.

Question 4

If you were working for a pharmaceutical company trying to develop anticancer drugs, what biological process would be the best target to investigate?

Accepted Answer

A) meiosis 
B) mitosis 
C) cellular respiration 
D) glycolysis 
A) meiosis 
B) mitosis 
C) cellular respiration 
D) glycolysis

Question 5

Scenario
You conducted a series of experiments to test whether the expression of hexokinase, an important enzyme involved in glycolysis, varies under different conditions. In the first experiment, you measured the production of hexokinase mRNA in cells at three different temperatures: 37°C, 25°C, and 10°C. Your results showed that the mRNA levels for hexokinase were 5× and 20× lower at 25°C and 10°C than at 37°C, respectively. Based on these results, you are going to conduct further experiments to attempt to answer your research question.
-What can you conclude from these results?

Accepted Answer

A) Unpacking of the hexokinase gene occurs only at 37°C. 
B) Transcription of the hexokinase gene occurs less frequently at lower temperatures. 
C) The levels of hexokinase protein are not affected by temperature. 
D) Translation of the hexokinase gene occurs more frequently at higher temperatures. 
A) Unpacking of the hexokinase gene occurs only at 37°C. 
B) Transcription of the hexokinase gene occurs less frequently at lower temperatures. 
C) The levels of hexokinase protein are not affected by temperature. 
D) Translation of the hexokinase gene occurs more frequently at higher temperatures.

Question 6

What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli?

Accepted Answer

A) Lactose has bound to the lac operon activator. 
B) Lactose is present in the cell. 
C) The lac operon activator protein is present in the cell. 
D) The lac operon repressor protein is absent in the cell. 
A) Lactose has bound to the lac operon activator. 
B) Lactose is present in the cell. 
C) The lac operon activator protein is present in the cell. 
D) The lac operon repressor protein is absent in the cell.

Question 7

The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ________.

Accepted Answer

A) gene regulation 
B) transcription 
C) gene expression 
D) translation 
A) gene regulation 
B) transcription 
C) gene expression 
D) translation

Question 8

________ is(are)responsible for more cancers than any other carcinogen.

Accepted Answer

A) asbestos 
B) UV radiation 
C) tobacco 
D) X-rays 
A) asbestos 
B) UV radiation 
C) tobacco 
D) X-rays

Question 9

Which of these lifestyle choices will increase cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

A) jogging 
B) spending less time in the sun 
C) changing to a diet low in plant fiber 
D) quitting smoking 
A) jogging 
B) spending less time in the sun 
C) changing to a diet low in plant fiber 
D) quitting smoking

Question 10

Use the accompanying figure to answer this question. The initiation of transcription requires that enhancers bind to ________.

Accepted Answer

A) DNA 
B) the promoter 
C) transcription factors 
D) RNA polymerase 
A) DNA 
B) the promoter 
C) transcription factors 
D) RNA polymerase

Question 11

When referring to cell division, oncogenes are most like ________ while tumor suppressor genes are most like ________.

Accepted Answer

A) the brakes on a car; the gas pedal on a car 
B) the gas pedal on a car; the brakes on a car 
C) the steering wheel on a car; the gas pedal on a car 
D) the brakes on a car; the steering wheel on a car 
A) the brakes on a car; the gas pedal on a car 
B) the gas pedal on a car; the brakes on a car 
C) the steering wheel on a car; the gas pedal on a car 
D) the brakes on a car; the steering wheel on a car

Question 12

Scenario
Jim has become particularly interested in the genetic basis of cancer and has spent considerable time reading published papers about oncogenes. He learned that as early as 1972 researchers suggested that mutations in proto-oncogenes caused by carcinogens can convert the proto-oncogenes to oncogenes. He asked you to answer a couple of questions about this because he did not have a sufficient biology background.
-Jim learned that some cancer cells produce more growth factors than others. Which explanation most likely explains this observation?

Accepted Answer

A) Tumor suppressor genes may have been activated in the cells with more growth factors. 
B) Mutations in homeotic genes may have occurred in the cells with fewer growth factors. 
C) Vitamin C and Vitamin E may have been deficient in the cells with more growth factors. 
D) Proto-oncogenes may have mutated to become oncogenes in the cells with more growth factors. 
A) Tumor suppressor genes may have been activated in the cells with more growth factors. 
B) Mutations in homeotic genes may have occurred in the cells with fewer growth factors. 
C) Vitamin C and Vitamin E may have been deficient in the cells with more growth factors. 
D) Proto-oncogenes may have mutated to become oncogenes in the cells with more growth factors.

Question 13

What can you conclude from this figure?

Accepted Answer

A) The mRNA with exon 3 is longer than the mRNA with exon 4. 
B) Exon 1 contains the stop codon for the production of a protein. 
C) Exon 3 and exon 4 are being alternatively spliced. 
D) This process is occurring in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. 
A) The mRNA with exon 3 is longer than the mRNA with exon 4. 
B) Exon 1 contains the stop codon for the production of a protein. 
C) Exon 3 and exon 4 are being alternatively spliced. 
D) This process is occurring in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.

Question 14

What type of protein binds to silencers to prevent gene expression from occurring?

Accepted Answer

A) enhancers 
B) repressors 
C) promoters 
D) RNA polymerase 
A) enhancers 
B) repressors 
C) promoters 
D) RNA polymerase

Question 15

What is the function of a repressor protein?

Accepted Answer

A) To turn off transcription by binding to the operator. 
B) To turn off transcription by binding to the activator. 
C) To turn on transcription by binding to the operator. 
D) To turn on transcription by binding to the activator. 
A) To turn off transcription by binding to the operator. 
B) To turn off transcription by binding to the activator. 
C) To turn on transcription by binding to the operator. 
D) To turn on transcription by binding to the activator.

Question 16

What is the benefit of using avatars in cancer treatments?

Accepted Answer

A) Avatars result in the cure for cancer. 
B) Avatars allow clinicians to identify more effective drugs to use. 
C) Avatars can be used to prevent the onset of cancer in young people. 
D) Avatars are used to develop new drugs to treat cancer. 
A) Avatars result in the cure for cancer. 
B) Avatars allow clinicians to identify more effective drugs to use. 
C) Avatars can be used to prevent the onset of cancer in young people. 
D) Avatars are used to develop new drugs to treat cancer.

Question 17

Which is a type of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A) inactivation of tRNA 
B) alteration of DNA nucleotide sequences 
C) breakdown of proteins 
D) binding of transcription factors to enhancers 
A) inactivation of tRNA 
B) alteration of DNA nucleotide sequences 
C) breakdown of proteins 
D) binding of transcription factors to enhancers

Question 18

How are the cells in different body tissues able to perform different functions?

Accepted Answer

A) The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression. 
B) Different chromosomes have been inactivated in different cells. 
C) The cells contain different genes. 
D) Mutations have accumulated in the cells over time. 
A) The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression. 
B) Different chromosomes have been inactivated in different cells. 
C) The cells contain different genes. 
D) Mutations have accumulated in the cells over time.

Question 19

Non-coding DNA sequences are referred to as ________.

Accepted Answer

A) exons 
B) introns 
C) genes 
A) exons 
B) introns 
C) genes

Question 20

Homeotic genes ________.

Accepted Answer

A) have very different sequences in plant cells as compared to animal cells 
B) are an example of convergent evolution 
C) are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms 
D) regulate gene expression in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 
A) have very different sequences in plant cells as compared to animal cells 
B) are an example of convergent evolution 
C) are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms 
D) regulate gene expression in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Exam 11: How Genes Are Controlled

Consider the accompanying figure, which outlines cloning by nuclear transplantation. Why does the clone NOT resemble the surrogate mother?

What can scientists achieve by injecting siRNAs into a cell via the process of RNA interference?

If you were working for a pharmaceutical company trying to develop anticancer drugs, what biological process would be the best target to investigate?

What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli?

The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ________.

________ is(are)responsible for more cancers than any other carcinogen.

Which of these lifestyle choices will increase cancer risk?

Use the accompanying figure to answer this question. The initiation of transcription requires that enhancers bind to ________.

When referring to cell division, oncogenes are most like ________ while tumor suppressor genes are most like ________.

What can you conclude from this figure?

What type of protein binds to silencers to prevent gene expression from occurring?

What is the function of a repressor protein?

What is the benefit of using avatars in cancer treatments?

Which is a type of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression?

How are the cells in different body tissues able to perform different functions?

Non-coding DNA sequences are referred to as ________.

Homeotic genes ________.

Learning About Life

Essential Chemistry for Biology

The Molecules of Life

A Tour of the Cell

The Working Cell

Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy From Food

Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

Cellular Reproduction: Cells From Cells

Patterns of Inheritance

The Structure and Function of Dna

Dna Technology

How Populations Evolve

How Biological Diversity Evolves

The Evolution of Microbial Life

The Evolution of Plants and Fungi

The Evolution of Animals

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Communities and Ecosystems

Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Circulation and Respiration

The Bodys Defenses

Hormones

Reproduction and Development

Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems

The Life of a Flowering Plant

The Working Plant

Filters

When referring to cell division, oncogenes are most like while tumor suppressor genes are most like .