Exam 8: Cognition and Language

According to the Stroop effect,you would be likely say,"__________" if you were asked to name the color of ink of the word yellow written in blue ink. yellow

Someone tells you that if you say "abracadabra" every morning you will stay healthy.You say it daily,and,sure enough,you stay healthy.You conclude that saying this magic word really does ensure health.What error in thinking have you made?

You wait in line for over an hour to buy a movie ticket for the late show.You then learn there is a strong,unpleasant odor in the theatre and that the movie is long and bad.According to the sunk cost effect,you will cut your losses (the money you spent on the ticket)and avoid the movie.

We often err by accepting a hypothesis and then looking for evidence to support it,instead of considering other possibilities.This tendency is the __________. confirmation bias

According to transformational grammar,what is the relationship between the deep structure of a sentence and its surface structure?

In the 1960s and 1970s Gardner and Gardner were able to teach a chimpanzee (named Washoe)to communicate by

The term "base-rate information" refers to information about

You can either take the bus or a taxi to your friend's house,and you decide on the bus.After waiting at the bus stop for fifteen minutes,a taxi passes by,but you continue to wait for the bus,having waited so long already.Your decision is influenced by the

You look at a series of gauges.Most have their indicators pointing the same direction (to the right),but one is pointing a different direction.You notice the odd one immediately,regardless of how many other gauges are present.This pattern indicates that you found the discrepant indicator by

Logan suffers a stroke on the left side of his brain and as a result has a condition characterized by inarticulate speech and difficulties using and understanding grammatical devices.This condition is known as __________ aphasia. Broca's

Individuals sometimes face a choice among a huge number of options.For example,when you go to library to check out a book,do you go through every book to find the perfect book for your mood or do you browse several books until you find one that looks interesting? People generally follow two strategies;maximizing and satisficing.Define each term and describe which of the above scenarios for checking out a book goes with each.

Because it is easier to think of words that start with "k" than words that have "k" as the third letter,most people assume that our language has more words starting with "k" than words with "k" in the third position.That kind of reasoning is an example of

When most people read,they do so by seeing a "window" of about __________ letters.

A heuristic is

Research on reading indicates that we typically read short,familiar words

In decision making,__________ means thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one. maximizing

Psychologists working with chimpanzees have been __________ to teach them how to speak and __________ to teach them how to use sign language.

In decision making,the maximizing strategy approximates the use of __________ whereas satisficing is more of a __________ approach. an algorithm;heuristic

Some children grow up in a bilingual environment,learning two languages about equally well.Describe the two disadvantages and one primary advantage to bilingualism identified in the chapter.

An expert chess player and a beginner both look at a picture of chess pieces arranged on a board in a random manner.Then they try to draw that position from memory.Which one (if either)will remember better,and why?