Question 1

Attention is your tendency to respond to and to remember some stimuli more than others at a given time.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

What evidence do we have that children who were not exposed to any language at all would invent one of their own?

Accepted Answer

A) Children who were reared in orphanages in the 1930s invented a language of their own. 
B) The Basque language of Spain is entirely different from that of all other European languages. 
C) Deaf children who fail to learn spoken language generally invent a sign language. 
D) One investigator who reared a chimpanzee with his own child found that the child and chimp communicated by their own system of grunts and whistles. 
A) Children who were reared in orphanages in the 1930s invented a language of their own. 
B) The Basque language of Spain is entirely different from that of all other European languages. 
C) Deaf children who fail to learn spoken language generally invent a sign language. 
D) One investigator who reared a chimpanzee with his own child found that the child and chimp communicated by their own system of grunts and whistles.

Question 3

Someone sees a strange-looking flying object.It might be a white pelican,or it might be a UFO from outer space.The viewer decides that it is a UFO.Assuming that it really was a pelican,which mistake of reasoning has the viewer made?

Accepted Answer

A) failure to use the availability heuristic 
B) failure to use the representativeness heuristic 
C) failure to consider base-rate information 
D) failure to use a cognitive map 
A) failure to use the availability heuristic 
B) failure to use the representativeness heuristic 
C) failure to consider base-rate information 
D) failure to use a cognitive map

Question 4

Compared to normal readers,speed readers

Accepted Answer

A) see more letters per fixation. 
B) see the same number of letters per fixation. 
C) see fewer letters per fixation. 
D) are far more likely to move their eyes smoothly when reading,and not stop or fixate on any specific letters. 
A) see more letters per fixation. 
B) see the same number of letters per fixation. 
C) see fewer letters per fixation. 
D) are far more likely to move their eyes smoothly when reading,and not stop or fixate on any specific letters.

Question 5

If you strongly associate LION with TIGER,then hearing the word LION will temporarily increase your speed and accuracy of seeing or hearing the word TIGER.The type of "priming" is evidence in favor of the idea of

Accepted Answer

A) spreading activation. 
B) the von Restorff effect. 
C) depth of processing. 
D) hindsight bias. 
A) spreading activation. 
B) the von Restorff effect. 
C) depth of processing. 
D) hindsight bias.

Question 6

People have difficulty understanding a statement like "She is not unfriendly" because

Accepted Answer

A) she may,in fact,be friendly. 
B) double negatives are difficult to understand. 
C) most people are basically unfriendly. 
D) language is productive rather than interpretive. 
A) she may,in fact,be friendly. 
B) double negatives are difficult to understand. 
C) most people are basically unfriendly. 
D) language is productive rather than interpretive.

Question 7

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is most commonly treated with?

Accepted Answer

A) antidepressant medications. 
B) stimulant medications. 
C) antipsychotic medications. 
D) depressant medications. 
A) antidepressant medications. 
B) stimulant medications. 
C) antipsychotic medications. 
D) depressant medications.

Question 8

Each letter or short combination of letters in a language that forms a unit of sound is known as a

Accepted Answer

A) basic unit. 
B) syntax. 
C) phoneme. 
D) morpheme. 
A) basic unit. 
B) syntax. 
C) phoneme. 
D) morpheme.

Question 9

What is meant by the word-superiority effect?

Accepted Answer

A) It is easier for most people to learn to read if they start by the whole-word method. 
B) It is easier to remember what one has seen if one can describe it in a single word. 
C) Once a child has learned to speak a few words,the child develops other intellectual skills at an increased rate. 
D) It is easier to identify a letter when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself. 
A) It is easier for most people to learn to read if they start by the whole-word method. 
B) It is easier to remember what one has seen if one can describe it in a single word. 
C) Once a child has learned to speak a few words,the child develops other intellectual skills at an increased rate. 
D) It is easier to identify a letter when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself.

Question 10

Developing an expertise has been associated with physical changes in the brain,such as

Accepted Answer

A) expanding the axons and dendrites in brain areas relevant to a skill. 
B) atrophy of dendrites and axons due to overuse in brain areas relevant to a skill. 
C) shrinkage of brain areas neighboring brain areas relevant to a skill. 
D) expanding the axons and dendrites in brain areas neighboring those areas relevant to a skill. 
A) expanding the axons and dendrites in brain areas relevant to a skill. 
B) atrophy of dendrites and axons due to overuse in brain areas relevant to a skill. 
C) shrinkage of brain areas neighboring brain areas relevant to a skill. 
D) expanding the axons and dendrites in brain areas neighboring those areas relevant to a skill.

Question 11

Compared with normal readers,speed readers

Accepted Answer

A) have faster saccades. 
B) have larger foveas in the retina. 
C) have briefer fixations. 
D) remember more detail in the material they read. 
A) have faster saccades. 
B) have larger foveas in the retina. 
C) have briefer fixations. 
D) remember more detail in the material they read.

Question 12

Compared to poor readers,good readers are more likely to

Accepted Answer

A) skip over ambiguous words. 
B) ignore previous context when trying to interpret ambiguous words. 
C) suppress irrelevant meanings once the meanings of ambiguous words become clear. 
D) activate several meanings when encountering an ambiguous word. 
A) skip over ambiguous words. 
B) ignore previous context when trying to interpret ambiguous words. 
C) suppress irrelevant meanings once the meanings of ambiguous words become clear. 
D) activate several meanings when encountering an ambiguous word.

Question 13

According to the concept of prototypes,how do we decide whether an item belongs to a particular category?

Accepted Answer

A) We count how many defining characteristics of the category it has. 
B) We consult a memorized list of which items belong to the category. 
C) We compare the item to the most typical members of the category. 
D) We compare the features of the item to a precise definition of the category. 
A) We count how many defining characteristics of the category it has. 
B) We consult a memorized list of which items belong to the category. 
C) We compare the item to the most typical members of the category. 
D) We compare the features of the item to a precise definition of the category.

Question 14

According to spreading activation and priming,which of the following would most likely receive the most priming from the concept of Texas?

Accepted Answer

A) John Wayne,since he shot many movies set in Texas 
B) Austin,since it is the capitol of Texas 
C) Alaska,since it is a large state like Texas 
D) George H.W.Bush,since he is from the Northeast but moved to Texas 
A) John Wayne,since he shot many movies set in Texas 
B) Austin,since it is the capitol of Texas 
C) Alaska,since it is a large state like Texas 
D) George H.W.Bush,since he is from the Northeast but moved to Texas

Question 15

A saccade is

Accepted Answer

A) a word that has more than one deep structure. 
B) a person who sees words and letters backward. 
C) the contextual cue that determines how you interpret an ambiguous word that you hear. 
D) an eye movement that occurs when you read. 
A) a word that has more than one deep structure. 
B) a person who sees words and letters backward. 
C) the contextual cue that determines how you interpret an ambiguous word that you hear. 
D) an eye movement that occurs when you read.

Question 16

Children begin to use grammatical rules,such as how to make a plural,

Accepted Answer

A) only after receiving formal instruction in school. 
B) because their parents correct their mistakes. 
C) only after a long period of imitating parents' sentences word for word. 
D) at an early age,even 2 or 3 years. 
A) only after receiving formal instruction in school. 
B) because their parents correct their mistakes. 
C) only after a long period of imitating parents' sentences word for word. 
D) at an early age,even 2 or 3 years.

Question 17

Which of the following is true of a child's language development?

Accepted Answer

A) To develop normal language,a child needs immediate reinforcement for each correct statement. 
B) As early as age 2 1/2 to 3 years,children's language errors imply that they are using grammatical rules. 
C) The stages of language development and the mean ages of reaching them vary greatly from one society to another. 
D) Up to at least age 4,most of a child's phrases and sentences are copied directly from what they have heard other people say. 
A) To develop normal language,a child needs immediate reinforcement for each correct statement. 
B) As early as age 2 1/2 to 3 years,children's language errors imply that they are using grammatical rules. 
C) The stages of language development and the mean ages of reaching them vary greatly from one society to another. 
D) Up to at least age 4,most of a child's phrases and sentences are copied directly from what they have heard other people say.

Question 18

A mechanical,repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis is called an __________.
algorithm

Accepted Answer

The answer of A mechanical,repetitive procedure for solving a problem...

Question 19

Often the issues that you have to resolve quickly on a daily basis are complicated and you don't have time to go through every possible solution.You want a "good enough" answer or one that works most of the time.Define the concept of heuristics.In addition,define availability heuristic and representative heuristic and give an example of each type of heuristic.

Accepted Answer

Heuristics are strategies for simplifyin

Question 20

Although years of playing chess improves people's expertise at playing the game,it does not improve their overall memory.What evidence do we have for this conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A) Expert chess players are no better than beginners are at memorizing the position of pieces on the board when they are arranged as they might be in the middle of a well-played game. 
B) Expert chess players are no better than beginners are at recalling what happened during the chess match they played yesterday. 
C) Expert chess players claim that they use logic rather than mental imagery to choose their moves. 
D) Expert chess players are no better than beginners are at memorizing the position of pieces on a chess board if they are arranged randomly. 
A) Expert chess players are no better than beginners are at memorizing the position of pieces on the board when they are arranged as they might be in the middle of a well-played game. 
B) Expert chess players are no better than beginners are at recalling what happened during the chess match they played yesterday. 
C) Expert chess players claim that they use logic rather than mental imagery to choose their moves. 
D) Expert chess players are no better than beginners are at memorizing the position of pieces on a chess board if they are arranged randomly.

Attention is your tendency to respond to and to remember some stimuli more than others at a given time.

What evidence do we have that children who were not exposed to any language at all would invent one of their own?

Someone sees a strange-looking flying object.It might be a white pelican,or it might be a UFO from outer space.The viewer decides that it is a UFO.Assuming that it really was a pelican,which mistake of reasoning has the viewer made?

Compared to normal readers,speed readers

If you strongly associate LION with TIGER,then hearing the word LION will temporarily increase your speed and accuracy of seeing or hearing the word TIGER.The type of "priming" is evidence in favor of the idea of

People have difficulty understanding a statement like "She is not unfriendly" because

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is most commonly treated with?

Each letter or short combination of letters in a language that forms a unit of sound is known as a

What is meant by the word-superiority effect?

Developing an expertise has been associated with physical changes in the brain,such as

Compared with normal readers,speed readers

Compared to poor readers,good readers are more likely to

According to the concept of prototypes,how do we decide whether an item belongs to a particular category?

According to spreading activation and priming,which of the following would most likely receive the most priming from the concept of Texas?

A saccade is

Children begin to use grammatical rules,such as how to make a plural,

Which of the following is true of a child's language development?

A mechanical,repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis is called an __________. algorithm

Although years of playing chess improves people's expertise at playing the game,it does not improve their overall memory.What evidence do we have for this conclusion?

What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

Nature,nurture,and Human Development

Learning

Memory

Intelligence

Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors,stress,and Health

Social Psychology

Personality

Abnormality,therapy,and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

S 1-16:final Examination

Filters

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

Attention is your tendency to respond to and to remember some stimuli more than others at a given time.

What evidence do we have that children who were not exposed to any language at all would invent one of their own?

Someone sees a strange-looking flying object.It might be a white pelican,or it might be a UFO from outer space.The viewer decides that it is a UFO.Assuming that it really was a pelican,which mistake of reasoning has the viewer made?

Compared to normal readers,speed readers

If you strongly associate LION with TIGER,then hearing the word LION will temporarily increase your speed and accuracy of seeing or hearing the word TIGER.The type of "priming" is evidence in favor of the idea of

People have difficulty understanding a statement like "She is not unfriendly" because

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is most commonly treated with?

Each letter or short combination of letters in a language that forms a unit of sound is known as a

What is meant by the word-superiority effect?

Developing an expertise has been associated with physical changes in the brain,such as

Compared with normal readers,speed readers

Compared to poor readers,good readers are more likely to

According to the concept of prototypes,how do we decide whether an item belongs to a particular category?

According to spreading activation and priming,which of the following would most likely receive the most priming from the concept of Texas?

A saccade is

Children begin to use grammatical rules,such as how to make a plural,

Which of the following is true of a child's language development?

A mechanical,repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis is called an __________. algorithm

Although years of playing chess improves people's expertise at playing the game,it does not improve their overall memory.What evidence do we have for this conclusion?

What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

Nature,nurture,and Human Development

Learning

Memory

Intelligence

Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors,stress,and Health

Social Psychology

Personality

Abnormality,therapy,and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

S 1-16:final Examination

Filters