Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a proposition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Julie is female. 
B)  Julie bubblegum. 
C)  Julie bikes. 
D)  Julie barks. 
A)  Julie is female. 
B)  Julie bubblegum. 
C)  Julie bikes. 
D)  Julie barks.

Question 2

Matt is 8 years old and loves learning about animals. If asked, "Are skunks and raccoons similar?" Matt would most likely say that

Accepted Answer

A)  no matter how you changed a skunk's behavior or appearance, it would still be a skunk and not a raccoon. 
B)  it is behavior that matters for category identity, so if a skunk learned to act like a raccoon, it would count as a genuine raccoon. 
C)  it is appearance that matters for category identity, so if a skunk were altered to look like a raccoon, it would count as a genuine raccoon. 
D)  it is the combination of behavior and appearance that matters for category identity, so both attributes would have to be changed to turn one organism into another. 
A)  no matter how you changed a skunk's behavior or appearance, it would still be a skunk and not a raccoon. 
B)  it is behavior that matters for category identity, so if a skunk learned to act like a raccoon, it would count as a genuine raccoon. 
C)  it is appearance that matters for category identity, so if a skunk were altered to look like a raccoon, it would count as a genuine raccoon. 
D)  it is the combination of behavior and appearance that matters for category identity, so both attributes would have to be changed to turn one organism into another.

Question 3

Categorization models based on family resemblance rely on

Accepted Answer

A)  the definition of each category. 
B)  feature overlap among the members of a category. 
C)  the necessary conditions for membership in a category. 
D)  the sufficient conditions for membership in a category. 
A)  the definition of each category. 
B)  feature overlap among the members of a category. 
C)  the necessary conditions for membership in a category. 
D)  the sufficient conditions for membership in a category.

Question 4

A lemon that has been painted red, white, and blue and then run over by a car is still likely to be categorized as a lemon. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of why this might be?

Accepted Answer

A)  If it grew on a lemon tree, it will be considered a lemon. 
B)  The essential properties for being a lemon are still there. 
C)  Cause-and-effect relationships influence how we think about what an object is and how it is categorized. 
D)  Superficial things like color do not play a role in categorization. 
A)  If it grew on a lemon tree, it will be considered a lemon. 
B)  The essential properties for being a lemon are still there. 
C)  Cause-and-effect relationships influence how we think about what an object is and how it is categorized. 
D)  Superficial things like color do not play a role in categorization.

Question 5

The fMRI evidence suggests that the brain areas that are activated for inanimate objects will

Accepted Answer

A)  be identical to the active areas for animate objects. 
B)  be different from the active areas for animate objects. 
C)  be localized to one hemisphere, while animate objects will be in the same region in the other hemisphere. 
D)  occasionally match the area for animate objects, depending on the nature of the inanimate object. 
A)  be identical to the active areas for animate objects. 
B)  be different from the active areas for animate objects. 
C)  be localized to one hemisphere, while animate objects will be in the same region in the other hemisphere. 
D)  occasionally match the area for animate objects, depending on the nature of the inanimate object.

Question 6

It is possible for a test case to be thought of as typical of a category, despite not being a member of that category. Which of the following examples is consistent with this idea?

Accepted Answer

A)  Whales are more typical of fish than sea lampreys. 
B)  A squashed lemon that has been painted purple is more typical of fruit than an apple. 
C)  A poodle is more typical of a dog than a golden retriever. 
D)  Abraham Lincoln is a typical American president. 
A)  Whales are more typical of fish than sea lampreys. 
B)  A squashed lemon that has been painted purple is more typical of fruit than an apple. 
C)  A poodle is more typical of a dog than a golden retriever. 
D)  Abraham Lincoln is a typical American president.

Question 7

Given the tenets of a parallel distributed processing (PDP) model, the term "spreading activation" would refer to the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)  activation of one concept will lead other, connected concepts to be activated. 
B)  thinking refers to a constant state of knowledge. 
C)  thinking is a static system. 
D)  nodes become weakened over time. 
A)  activation of one concept will lead other, connected concepts to be activated. 
B)  thinking refers to a constant state of knowledge. 
C)  thinking is a static system. 
D)  nodes become weakened over time.

Question 8

Proposition networks assume knowledge is ________; however, it is more likely that knowledge is actually ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  localized; distributed 
B)  localized; unable to be identified 
C)  distributed; localized 
D)  distributed; constantly changing 
A)  localized; distributed 
B)  localized; unable to be identified 
C)  distributed; localized 
D)  distributed; constantly changing

Question 9

According to exemplar theory, typicality effects

Accepted Answer

A)  are difficult to explain. 
B)  reflect the fact that typical category members are probably frequent in our environment and are therefore frequently represented in memory. 
C)  are produced by the fact that the exemplars in memory for each category tend to resemble each other. 
D)  should be observed with categories having homogeneous membership but not with more variable categories. 
A)  are difficult to explain. 
B)  reflect the fact that typical category members are probably frequent in our environment and are therefore frequently represented in memory. 
C)  are produced by the fact that the exemplars in memory for each category tend to resemble each other. 
D)  should be observed with categories having homogeneous membership but not with more variable categories.

Question 10

The term "basic-level category" refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  level of categorization regarded by most participants as indisputable. 
B)  most general level of categorization of which participants can think. 
C)  most specific level of categorization of which participants can think. 
D)  most natural level of categorization, which is neither too specific nor too general. 
A)  level of categorization regarded by most participants as indisputable. 
B)  most general level of categorization of which participants can think. 
C)  most specific level of categorization of which participants can think. 
D)  most natural level of categorization, which is neither too specific nor too general.

Question 11

When we say, "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Martinez family," we mean that

Accepted Answer

A)  there is at least one feature shared by all the members of the family. 
B)  there is at least one identifying trait such that if you have that trait, you are certain to be a member of the family. 
C)  any pair of family members will have certain traits in common even though there may be no traits shared by all of the family members. 
D)  there are several features that all members of the family have in common. 
A)  there is at least one feature shared by all the members of the family. 
B)  there is at least one identifying trait such that if you have that trait, you are certain to be a member of the family. 
C)  any pair of family members will have certain traits in common even though there may be no traits shared by all of the family members. 
D)  there are several features that all members of the family have in common.

Question 12

You are asked to "Name all of the professions that you can think of." According to Rosch's evidence, you are most likely to respond,

Accepted Answer

A)  first grade teacher, second grade teacher, third grade teacher . . . 
B)  first grade teacher, neonatal nurse, psychology professor . . . 
C)  employee, employer, part-time employee . . . 
D)  teacher, lawyer, doctor, firefighter . . . 
A)  first grade teacher, second grade teacher, third grade teacher . . . 
B)  first grade teacher, neonatal nurse, psychology professor . . . 
C)  employee, employer, part-time employee . . . 
D)  teacher, lawyer, doctor, firefighter . . .

Question 13

According to exemplar-based theories of mental categories, participants identify an object by comparing it to a

Accepted Answer

A)  prototype. 
B)  single remembered instance of the category. 
C)  definition. 
D)  mental image. 
A)  prototype. 
B)  single remembered instance of the category. 
C)  definition. 
D)  mental image.

Question 14

There is a pattern of converging evidence with respect to prototype theory. This means that

Accepted Answer

A)  different individuals agree in their identification of typical category members. 
B)  the same category members turn out to be privileged in a wide range of experimental tasks. 
C)  more recent studies have allowed a more precise specification of which category members are typical. 
D)  as children grow up, they gain a more specific notion of what it is that identifies each category. 
A)  different individuals agree in their identification of typical category members. 
B)  the same category members turn out to be privileged in a wide range of experimental tasks. 
C)  more recent studies have allowed a more precise specification of which category members are typical. 
D)  as children grow up, they gain a more specific notion of what it is that identifies each category.

Question 15

The term "connection weights" refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  number of nodes. 
B)  size of connections between nodes. 
C)  strength of connections between nodes. 
D)  number of connections between nodes. 
A)  number of nodes. 
B)  size of connections between nodes. 
C)  strength of connections between nodes. 
D)  number of connections between nodes.

Question 16

A proposition is defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  a node in a knowledge network. 
B)  the smallest unit of knowledge that can be true or false. 
C)  the smallest unit of knowledge that is stored. 
D)  the organizational structure of semantic knowledge in memory. 
A)  a node in a knowledge network. 
B)  the smallest unit of knowledge that can be true or false. 
C)  the smallest unit of knowledge that is stored. 
D)  the organizational structure of semantic knowledge in memory.

Question 17

Conceptual knowledge is impressive and likely contains

Accepted Answer

A)  prototypes. 
B)  exemplars. 
C)  beliefs. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  prototypes. 
B)  exemplars. 
C)  beliefs. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 18

Describe the physiological evidence surrounding categories from studies using fMRI and patients with brain damage. What does this evidence tell us about the nature of categorization in the mind and brain?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the physiological evidence surrounding categories from...

Question 19

Which of the following benefits does a hierarchical network provide?

Accepted Answer

A)  Information can be searched for equally quickly across all levels of the network. 
B)  It is efficient because information is stored only once. 
C)  Information is stored repeatedly to ensure accuracy. 
D)  Information is organized according to use, so that more common representations can be accessed more quickly. 
A)  Information can be searched for equally quickly across all levels of the network. 
B)  It is efficient because information is stored only once. 
C)  Information is stored repeatedly to ensure accuracy. 
D)  Information is organized according to use, so that more common representations can be accessed more quickly.

Question 20

Reuben is visiting the aquarium and has just seen an octopus for the very first time. Reuben is therefore likely to have

Accepted Answer

A)  a definition for the concept of octopus. 
B)  only exemplar-based knowledge for the concept of octopus. 
C)  a prototype for the octopus concept. 
D)  a prototype for the octopus concept and some exemplar-based knowledge. 
A)  a definition for the concept of octopus. 
B)  only exemplar-based knowledge for the concept of octopus. 
C)  a prototype for the octopus concept. 
D)  a prototype for the octopus concept and some exemplar-based knowledge.

Which of the following is NOT a proposition?

Matt is 8 years old and loves learning about animals. If asked, "Are skunks and raccoons similar?" Matt would most likely say that

Categorization models based on family resemblance rely on

A lemon that has been painted red, white, and blue and then run over by a car is still likely to be categorized as a lemon. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of why this might be?

The fMRI evidence suggests that the brain areas that are activated for inanimate objects will

It is possible for a test case to be thought of as typical of a category, despite not being a member of that category. Which of the following examples is consistent with this idea?

Given the tenets of a parallel distributed processing (PDP) model, the term "spreading activation" would refer to the fact that

Proposition networks assume knowledge is ; however, it is more likely that knowledge is actually .

According to exemplar theory, typicality effects

The term "basic-level category" refers to the

When we say, "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Martinez family," we mean that

You are asked to "Name all of the professions that you can think of." According to Rosch's evidence, you are most likely to respond,

According to exemplar-based theories of mental categories, participants identify an object by comparing it to a

There is a pattern of converging evidence with respect to prototype theory. This means that

The term "connection weights" refers to the

A proposition is defined as

Conceptual knowledge is impressive and likely contains

Describe the physiological evidence surrounding categories from studies using fMRI and patients with brain damage. What does this evidence tell us about the nature of categorization in the mind and brain?

Which of the following benefits does a hierarchical network provide?

Reuben is visiting the aquarium and has just seen an octopus for the very first time. Reuben is therefore likely to have

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Language

Visual Knowledge

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

Filters

Exam 9: Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Which of the following is NOT a proposition?

Matt is 8 years old and loves learning about animals. If asked, "Are skunks and raccoons similar?" Matt would most likely say that

Categorization models based on family resemblance rely on

A lemon that has been painted red, white, and blue and then run over by a car is still likely to be categorized as a lemon. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of why this might be?

The fMRI evidence suggests that the brain areas that are activated for inanimate objects will

It is possible for a test case to be thought of as typical of a category, despite not being a member of that category. Which of the following examples is consistent with this idea?

Given the tenets of a parallel distributed processing (PDP) model, the term "spreading activation" would refer to the fact that

Proposition networks assume knowledge is ________; however, it is more likely that knowledge is actually ________.

According to exemplar theory, typicality effects

The term "basic-level category" refers to the

When we say, "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Martinez family," we mean that

You are asked to "Name all of the professions that you can think of." According to Rosch's evidence, you are most likely to respond,

According to exemplar-based theories of mental categories, participants identify an object by comparing it to a

There is a pattern of converging evidence with respect to prototype theory. This means that

The term "connection weights" refers to the

A proposition is defined as

Conceptual knowledge is impressive and likely contains

Describe the physiological evidence surrounding categories from studies using fMRI and patients with brain damage. What does this evidence tell us about the nature of categorization in the mind and brain?

Which of the following benefits does a hierarchical network provide?

Reuben is visiting the aquarium and has just seen an octopus for the very first time. Reuben is therefore likely to have

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Language

Visual Knowledge

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

Filters

Proposition networks assume knowledge is ; however, it is more likely that knowledge is actually .