Question 1

Describe the rationale, procedure, and results of Collins and Quillian's (1969) seminal study. Why was this study important?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the rationale, procedure, and results of...

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT implied by the textbook's discussion of mutilated lemons and perfect counterfeits?

Accepted Answer

A)  An object can be in a category even if it has no resemblance to the category's prototype. 
B)  An object can be excluded from a category even if it has a strong resemblance to the category's prototype. 
C)  The history of an object is sometimes crucial in determining its category membership. 
D)  Participants are unable to separate their judgments about category membership from their judgments about typicality. 
A)  An object can be in a category even if it has no resemblance to the category's prototype. 
B)  An object can be excluded from a category even if it has a strong resemblance to the category's prototype. 
C)  The history of an object is sometimes crucial in determining its category membership. 
D)  Participants are unable to separate their judgments about category membership from their judgments about typicality.

Question 3

In your Sensation and Perception course you learn that cones are responsible for color vision. According to a PDP account, your learning occurs when the two concepts (cones and color vision) become

Accepted Answer

A)  initially connected. 
B)  stronger. 
C)  weaker. 
D)  close in proximity. 
A)  initially connected. 
B)  stronger. 
C)  weaker. 
D)  close in proximity.

Question 4

Two clinicians are asked to diagnose a patient who shows symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression. The first clinician believes that depression is an important cause of OCD and so does not diagnose the patient with OCD. The second clinician believes that depression is a by-product of OCD but not a root cause. Therefore, she diagnoses the patient as having OCD. This example illustrates that

Accepted Answer

A)  our beliefs and background knowledge influence how we categorize things. 
B)  clinicians are often mistaken in their diagnoses. 
C)  theories are often fallible and so should not be depended on in many situations. 
D)  theories are not involved when placing a test case into a particular category. 
A)  our beliefs and background knowledge influence how we categorize things. 
B)  clinicians are often mistaken in their diagnoses. 
C)  theories are often fallible and so should not be depended on in many situations. 
D)  theories are not involved when placing a test case into a particular category.

Question 5

Imagine you are shown an object and asked to categorize it as belonging to Category A or Category B. Which of the following describes the process for categorizing a new object?

Accepted Answer

A)  perceive object; trigger memory; categorize item; judge resemblance 
B)  perceive object; compare object to memories; judge resemblance; categorize item 
C)  perceive object; judge resemblance; search memory; make decision 
D)  search memory; perceive object; judge resemblance; categorize item 
A)  perceive object; trigger memory; categorize item; judge resemblance 
B)  perceive object; compare object to memories; judge resemblance; categorize item 
C)  perceive object; judge resemblance; search memory; make decision 
D)  search memory; perceive object; judge resemblance; categorize item

Question 6

Describe the procedures of the sentence verification task and the production task. Would you expect to see any similarities across the results of these two tasks?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the procedures of the sentence verification...

Question 7

Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  if asked simply to describe an object, participants are likely to use the basic-level term. 
B)  basic-level categories are usually represented in the language by a single word. 
C)  basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions. 
D)  basic-level terms are acquired by children at a younger age than either more specific or more general terms. 
A)  if asked simply to describe an object, participants are likely to use the basic-level term. 
B)  basic-level categories are usually represented in the language by a single word. 
C)  basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions. 
D)  basic-level terms are acquired by children at a younger age than either more specific or more general terms.

Question 8

Explanatory theories differ from an exemplar theory in that the explanatory emphasizes

Accepted Answer

A)  the importance of specific events. 
B)  the most frequently occurring event. 
C)  a holistic approach to categorization. 
D)  the importance of a first impression. 
A)  the importance of specific events. 
B)  the most frequently occurring event. 
C)  a holistic approach to categorization. 
D)  the importance of a first impression.

Question 9

Generally, typicality can be used to determine category membership; however, there are exceptions to this rule. Provide an example of an object that is very typical of a category but does not belong to the category. Using the concepts described in the book, explain why it is perceived as belonging to the group and then explain why it would not be categorized as a group member.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Generally, typicality can be used to determine...

Question 10

An important difference between categorization via exemplars and categorization via prototypes is that according to exemplar theory

Accepted Answer

A)  the standard used in a particular category can vary from one occasion to the next. 
B)  one categorizes objects by comparing them to a mentally represented standard. 
C)  categorization depends on a judgment of resemblance. 
D)  categories are represented in the mind by a single relatively concrete illustration of the category. 
A)  the standard used in a particular category can vary from one occasion to the next. 
B)  one categorizes objects by comparing them to a mentally represented standard. 
C)  categorization depends on a judgment of resemblance. 
D)  categories are represented in the mind by a single relatively concrete illustration of the category.

Question 11

A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon, while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be categorized as money. What does this say about categorization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychologists will never understand categorization. 
B)  Category membership cannot be based on resemblance alone. 
C)  Category membership is based on previously encountered examples. 
D)  Prototype theory is the most accurate theory of categorization. 
A)  Psychologists will never understand categorization. 
B)  Category membership cannot be based on resemblance alone. 
C)  Category membership is based on previously encountered examples. 
D)  Prototype theory is the most accurate theory of categorization.

Question 12

It seems unlikely that our conceptual knowledge is represented by mental definitions because

Accepted Answer

A)  each person has his or her own idea about how concepts should be defined. 
B)  many of our abstract concepts (e.g., justice, love, God) are difficult to define. 
C)  it is easy to find exceptions to any proposed definition. 
D)  most of our concepts are difficult to express in words. 
A)  each person has his or her own idea about how concepts should be defined. 
B)  many of our abstract concepts (e.g., justice, love, God) are difficult to define. 
C)  it is easy to find exceptions to any proposed definition. 
D)  most of our concepts are difficult to express in words.

Question 13

According to prototype theory, the prototype selected for comparison will NOT be the

Accepted Answer

A)  ideal for a category. 
B)  average of various category members. 
C)  same for every person. 
D)  central tendency (middle) of all category members. 
A)  ideal for a category. 
B)  average of various category members. 
C)  same for every person. 
D)  central tendency (middle) of all category members.

Question 14

Are basic-level categories the same as prototypes? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

Basic-level categories and prototypes ar

Question 15

According to a PDP model, how is the fact "Neil Armstrong was an astronaut" represented in the mind?

Accepted Answer

A)  Neurons that represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut are connected via a synaptic junction. 
B)  Nodes representing Neil Armstrong and astronaut are in close proximity to one another. 
C)  A pattern of connections among many nodes represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut separately, and through learning, these patterns begin to co-occur. 
D)  A single node representing Neil Armstrong is connected via a proposition to the word "astronaut." 
A)  Neurons that represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut are connected via a synaptic junction. 
B)  Nodes representing Neil Armstrong and astronaut are in close proximity to one another. 
C)  A pattern of connections among many nodes represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut separately, and through learning, these patterns begin to co-occur. 
D)  A single node representing Neil Armstrong is connected via a proposition to the word "astronaut."

Question 16

According to prototype theory, the mental representation for each concept

Accepted Answer

A)  represents an average or ideal for the category's members. 
B)  specifies the necessary and sufficient conditions for category membership. 
C)  is located on the boundary of the category. 
D)  lists the perceptual features that are found only in that category. 
A)  represents an average or ideal for the category's members. 
B)  specifies the necessary and sufficient conditions for category membership. 
C)  is located on the boundary of the category. 
D)  lists the perceptual features that are found only in that category.

Question 17

Describe how one's thinking about categories changes across one's lifetime by comparing categorization in children and adults. In what ways does categorization change as we age?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how one's thinking about categories changes...

Question 18

Researchers have claimed that as one gains more and more experience with a category, the mental representation for that category is likely to shift from

Accepted Answer

A)  a prototype to exemplar-based knowledge. 
B)  exemplar-based knowledge to a definition. 
C)  a definition to a prototype. 
D)  exemplar-based knowledge to a prototype. 
A)  a prototype to exemplar-based knowledge. 
B)  exemplar-based knowledge to a definition. 
C)  a definition to a prototype. 
D)  exemplar-based knowledge to a prototype.

Question 19

Participants know that penguins are not typical birds, but they are certain that penguins are birds. This indicates that judgments about category membership

Accepted Answer

A)  depend on a judgment of typicality. 
B)  are not settled entirely by an assessment of typicality. 
C)  rely on comparing the example to a prototype. 
D)  do not conform to the requirements of a definition. 
A)  depend on a judgment of typicality. 
B)  are not settled entirely by an assessment of typicality. 
C)  rely on comparing the example to a prototype. 
D)  do not conform to the requirements of a definition.

Question 20

Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)  both theories require the triggering of a memory. 
B)  both theories require previous memories to be averaged, or combined. 
C)  both theories require a judgment of resemblance. 
D)  conclusions for both processes are based on resemblance. 
A)  both theories require the triggering of a memory. 
B)  both theories require previous memories to be averaged, or combined. 
C)  both theories require a judgment of resemblance. 
D)  conclusions for both processes are based on resemblance.

Describe the rationale, procedure, and results of Collins and Quillian's (1969) seminal study. Why was this study important?

Which of the following is NOT implied by the textbook's discussion of mutilated lemons and perfect counterfeits?

In your Sensation and Perception course you learn that cones are responsible for color vision. According to a PDP account, your learning occurs when the two concepts (cones and color vision) become

Imagine you are shown an object and asked to categorize it as belonging to Category A or Category B. Which of the following describes the process for categorizing a new object?

Describe the procedures of the sentence verification task and the production task. Would you expect to see any similarities across the results of these two tasks?

Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT

Explanatory theories differ from an exemplar theory in that the explanatory emphasizes

An important difference between categorization via exemplars and categorization via prototypes is that according to exemplar theory

A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon, while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be categorized as money. What does this say about categorization?

It seems unlikely that our conceptual knowledge is represented by mental definitions because

According to prototype theory, the prototype selected for comparison will NOT be the

Are basic-level categories the same as prototypes? Why or why not?

According to a PDP model, how is the fact "Neil Armstrong was an astronaut" represented in the mind?

According to prototype theory, the mental representation for each concept

Describe how one's thinking about categories changes across one's lifetime by comparing categorization in children and adults. In what ways does categorization change as we age?

Researchers have claimed that as one gains more and more experience with a category, the mental representation for that category is likely to shift from

Participants know that penguins are not typical birds, but they are certain that penguins are birds. This indicates that judgments about category membership

Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT that

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Language

Visual Knowledge

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

Filters

Exam 9: Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Describe the rationale, procedure, and results of Collins and Quillian's (1969) seminal study. Why was this study important?

Which of the following is NOT implied by the textbook's discussion of mutilated lemons and perfect counterfeits?

In your Sensation and Perception course you learn that cones are responsible for color vision. According to a PDP account, your learning occurs when the two concepts (cones and color vision) become

Imagine you are shown an object and asked to categorize it as belonging to Category A or Category B. Which of the following describes the process for categorizing a new object?

Describe the procedures of the sentence verification task and the production task. Would you expect to see any similarities across the results of these two tasks?

Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT

Explanatory theories differ from an exemplar theory in that the explanatory emphasizes

An important difference between categorization via exemplars and categorization via prototypes is that according to exemplar theory

A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon, while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be categorized as money. What does this say about categorization?

It seems unlikely that our conceptual knowledge is represented by mental definitions because

According to prototype theory, the prototype selected for comparison will NOT be the

Are basic-level categories the same as prototypes? Why or why not?

According to a PDP model, how is the fact "Neil Armstrong was an astronaut" represented in the mind?

According to prototype theory, the mental representation for each concept

Describe how one's thinking about categories changes across one's lifetime by comparing categorization in children and adults. In what ways does categorization change as we age?

Researchers have claimed that as one gains more and more experience with a category, the mental representation for that category is likely to shift from

Participants know that penguins are not typical birds, but they are certain that penguins are birds. This indicates that judgments about category membership

Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT that

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Language

Visual Knowledge

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

Filters