Question 1

Evidence from the four-card task suggests all of the following EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)  generally people are poor at solving this task. 
B)  changing the problem into something with a more real-world validity improves performance on this task. 
C)  as with inductive reasoning, performance on deductive tasks varies based on the form of the problem. 
D)  problem solving about conditional statements is difficult to improve. 
A)  generally people are poor at solving this task. 
B)  changing the problem into something with a more real-world validity improves performance on this task. 
C)  as with inductive reasoning, performance on deductive tasks varies based on the form of the problem. 
D)  problem solving about conditional statements is difficult to improve.

Question 2

Heuristics are strategies that

Accepted Answer

A)  sometimes risk error in order to gain efficiency. 
B)  are underused, despite their advantages. 
C)  protect us from overestimating the frequency of real-life events. 
D)  ensure step-by-step procedures for finding correct conclusions. 
A)  sometimes risk error in order to gain efficiency. 
B)  are underused, despite their advantages. 
C)  protect us from overestimating the frequency of real-life events. 
D)  ensure step-by-step procedures for finding correct conclusions.

Question 3

"I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians, so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on

Accepted Answer

A)  illusory covariation. 
B)  representativeness. 
C)  anchoring. 
D)  the availability heuristic. 
A)  illusory covariation. 
B)  representativeness. 
C)  anchoring. 
D)  the availability heuristic.

Question 4

Patrick has sustained damage to his orbitofrontal cortex, but his twin brother, Ben, has not. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about these two brothers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Patrick will take more risks than Ben. 
B)  Ben will take more risks than Patrick. 
C)  Both will take risks equally. 
D)  Ben will take fewer risks, but they will be more extreme than Patrick's risks. 
A)  Patrick will take more risks than Ben. 
B)  Ben will take more risks than Patrick. 
C)  Both will take risks equally. 
D)  Ben will take fewer risks, but they will be more extreme than Patrick's risks.

Question 5

An inductive judgment is one in which a person

Accepted Answer

A)  tries to make predictions about upcoming events on the basis of evidence already available. 
B)  tries to make a cause-and-effect judgment about an observed state of affairs. 
C)  begins with a general statement and asks what other specific claims follow from this. 
D)  begins with specific facts or observations and seeks to draw a general conclusion from them. 
A)  tries to make predictions about upcoming events on the basis of evidence already available. 
B)  tries to make a cause-and-effect judgment about an observed state of affairs. 
C)  begins with a general statement and asks what other specific claims follow from this. 
D)  begins with specific facts or observations and seeks to draw a general conclusion from them.

Question 6

In one experiment, participants were asked to list either 6 or 12 instances in their lives when they were assertive. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the participants who were asked to list only 6 instances?

Accepted Answer

A)  Overall, they rated themselves as less assertive. 
B)  They had an easier time fulfilling the task. 
C)  They were given an easier task than the 12-instance participants. 
D)  They relied on the availability heuristic when making their decision. 
A)  Overall, they rated themselves as less assertive. 
B)  They had an easier time fulfilling the task. 
C)  They were given an easier task than the 12-instance participants. 
D)  They relied on the availability heuristic when making their decision.

Question 7

Which of the statements below would complete the following syllogism in a way to make it valid?: All busy people are stressed out. All professors are busy.

Accepted Answer

A)  Therefore, all professors are stressed out. 
B)  Therefore, all busy people are professors. 
C)  Therefore, all stressed-out people are professors. 
D)  Therefore, you should not become a professor. 
A)  Therefore, all professors are stressed out. 
B)  Therefore, all busy people are professors. 
C)  Therefore, all stressed-out people are professors. 
D)  Therefore, you should not become a professor.

Question 8

When thinking about the likelihood of events, humans are better able to make judgments based on information presented as ________ than as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  percentages; fractions 
B)  abstract ideas; concrete examples 
C)  frequencies; probabilities 
D)  probabilities; frequencies 
A)  percentages; fractions 
B)  abstract ideas; concrete examples 
C)  frequencies; probabilities 
D)  probabilities; frequencies

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an example of a frequency judgment?

Accepted Answer

A)  "You've only worn that shirt once since I gave it to you!" 
B)  "I am certain that he is bluffing." 
C)  "There certainly are a lot of pizzerias in this neighborhood." 
D)  "The number of truly caring physicians is getting smaller and smaller." 
A)  "You've only worn that shirt once since I gave it to you!" 
B)  "I am certain that he is bluffing." 
C)  "There certainly are a lot of pizzerias in this neighborhood." 
D)  "The number of truly caring physicians is getting smaller and smaller."

Question 10

Training in statistics

Accepted Answer

A)  can help us make use of quick, efficient heuristics rather than slower, more effortful thinking. 
B)  improves participants' abilities to make judgments so that judgment errors will be less likely. 
C)  improves participants' abilities to make judgments but only when they are trained in an abstract way. 
D)  provides many benefits but seems not to teach students how to make more accurate judgments. 
A)  can help us make use of quick, efficient heuristics rather than slower, more effortful thinking. 
B)  improves participants' abilities to make judgments so that judgment errors will be less likely. 
C)  improves participants' abilities to make judgments but only when they are trained in an abstract way. 
D)  provides many benefits but seems not to teach students how to make more accurate judgments.

Question 11

Studies indicate that participants

Accepted Answer

A)  always neglect base-rate information. 
B)  overutilize base-rate information even if other compelling information is presented. 
C)  make sensible use of base-rate information if no other information is available. 
D)  tend to integrate base-rate information with diagnostic information. 
A)  always neglect base-rate information. 
B)  overutilize base-rate information even if other compelling information is presented. 
C)  make sensible use of base-rate information if no other information is available. 
D)  tend to integrate base-rate information with diagnostic information.

Question 12

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman (1987), people are ________ when dealing with potential losses, but are ________ when dealing with potential gains.

Accepted Answer

A)  risk seeking; risk averse 
B)  risk averse; risk seeking 
C)  risk seeking; risk seeking 
D)  worried; excited 
A)  risk seeking; risk averse 
B)  risk averse; risk seeking 
C)  risk seeking; risk seeking 
D)  worried; excited

Question 13

In one study, participants were shown a film about a family on welfare and then asked for their opinions about welfare. Prior to viewing the film, half of the participants were told that the film showed a highly unusual case. The other participants were told that the film showed a quite typical case. After viewing the film, participants were asked their opinions about welfare. On the basis of other evidence, we would expect to find that

Accepted Answer

A)  both groups of participants were influenced equally by the film. 
B)  neither group of participants was influenced by the film. 
C)  participants who were told that the case was unusual were less influenced by the film than those who viewed the typical case. 
D)  participants who were told that the case was unusual were not influenced by the film. 
A)  both groups of participants were influenced equally by the film. 
B)  neither group of participants was influenced by the film. 
C)  participants who were told that the case was unusual were less influenced by the film than those who viewed the typical case. 
D)  participants who were told that the case was unusual were not influenced by the film.

Question 14

Participants are told, "Hospital A has an average of 45 births per day; Hospital B has an average of only 15 births per day." The participants are then asked, "Which hospital is more likely to have a day in which at least 60% of the babies born are female?" In answering the question, participants

Accepted Answer

A)  seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a small sample. 
B)  seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a larger sample. 
C)  correctly realize that departures from the average case are not dependent on hospital size. 
D)  answer in a fashion governed by the law of small numbers. 
A)  seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a small sample. 
B)  seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a larger sample. 
C)  correctly realize that departures from the average case are not dependent on hospital size. 
D)  answer in a fashion governed by the law of small numbers.

Question 15

In using the representativeness heuristic, participants

Accepted Answer

A)  extrapolate from a sample of evidence if the category is homogeneous but not if the category is heterogeneous. 
B)  are sensitive to the sample size and draw conclusions more readily from a large sample. 
C)  seem to assume that all instances of the category resemble the prototype for that category. 
D)  are unable to discriminate actual patterns of covariation. 
A)  extrapolate from a sample of evidence if the category is homogeneous but not if the category is heterogeneous. 
B)  are sensitive to the sample size and draw conclusions more readily from a large sample. 
C)  seem to assume that all instances of the category resemble the prototype for that category. 
D)  are unable to discriminate actual patterns of covariation.

Question 16

People often make logical errors. Create a real-world example that illustrates the error in this categorical syllogism: All X are Y. All A are X. Therefore, all A are X.

Accepted Answer

Real-world example of the error in this

Question 17

Describe one situation in which your friend, Marcus, might show evidence of monetary risk aversion and another example in which he would show monetary risk seeking.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe one situation in which your friend,...

Question 18

Marissa believes that clowns are evil. She meets two men who are very nice and then learns that they are clowns. Despite this, she does not adjust her belief and continues to think clowns are evil. This is called

Accepted Answer

A)  confirmation bias. 
B)  deductive reasoning. 
C)  inductive reasoning. 
D)  belief perseverance. 
A)  confirmation bias. 
B)  deductive reasoning. 
C)  inductive reasoning. 
D)  belief perseverance.

Question 19

The four-card task provides an example of how

Accepted Answer

A)  good we are at reasoning about syllogisms. 
B)  good we are at reasoning about conditional statements. 
C)  poor we are at reasoning about conditional statements. 
D)  poorly we perform on inductive tasks. 
A)  good we are at reasoning about syllogisms. 
B)  good we are at reasoning about conditional statements. 
C)  poor we are at reasoning about conditional statements. 
D)  poorly we perform on inductive tasks.

Question 20

Background knowledge can lead to mistakes, but it can also provide a benefit if

Accepted Answer

A)  the person is aware of heuristics. 
B)  the knowledge is about how the parts of the problem are related. 
C)  the person is very confident in his or her knowledge. 
D)  it contains descriptive information. 
A)  the person is aware of heuristics. 
B)  the knowledge is about how the parts of the problem are related. 
C)  the person is very confident in his or her knowledge. 
D)  it contains descriptive information.

Evidence from the four-card task suggests all of the following EXCEPT that

Heuristics are strategies that

"I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians, so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on

Patrick has sustained damage to his orbitofrontal cortex, but his twin brother, Ben, has not. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about these two brothers?

An inductive judgment is one in which a person

In one experiment, participants were asked to list either 6 or 12 instances in their lives when they were assertive. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the participants who were asked to list only 6 instances?

Which of the statements below would complete the following syllogism in a way to make it valid?: All busy people are stressed out. All professors are busy.

When thinking about the likelihood of events, humans are better able to make judgments based on information presented as than as .

Which of the following is NOT an example of a frequency judgment?

Training in statistics

Studies indicate that participants

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman (1987), people are when dealing with potential losses, but are when dealing with potential gains.

Participants are told, "Hospital A has an average of 45 births per day; Hospital B has an average of only 15 births per day." The participants are then asked, "Which hospital is more likely to have a day in which at least 60% of the babies born are female?" In answering the question, participants

In using the representativeness heuristic, participants

People often make logical errors. Create a real-world example that illustrates the error in this categorical syllogism: All X are Y. All A are X. Therefore, all A are X.

Describe one situation in which your friend, Marcus, might show evidence of monetary risk aversion and another example in which he would show monetary risk seeking.

Marissa believes that clowns are evil. She meets two men who are very nice and then learns that they are clowns. Despite this, she does not adjust her belief and continues to think clowns are evil. This is called

The four-card task provides an example of how

Background knowledge can lead to mistakes, but it can also provide a benefit if

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Language

Visual Knowledge

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

Filters

Exam 12: Judgment and Reasoning

Evidence from the four-card task suggests all of the following EXCEPT that

Heuristics are strategies that

"I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians, so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on

Patrick has sustained damage to his orbitofrontal cortex, but his twin brother, Ben, has not. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about these two brothers?

An inductive judgment is one in which a person

In one experiment, participants were asked to list either 6 or 12 instances in their lives when they were assertive. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the participants who were asked to list only 6 instances?

Which of the statements below would complete the following syllogism in a way to make it valid?: All busy people are stressed out. All professors are busy.

When thinking about the likelihood of events, humans are better able to make judgments based on information presented as ________ than as ________.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a frequency judgment?

Training in statistics

Studies indicate that participants

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman (1987), people are ________ when dealing with potential losses, but are ________ when dealing with potential gains.

Participants are told, "Hospital A has an average of 45 births per day; Hospital B has an average of only 15 births per day." The participants are then asked, "Which hospital is more likely to have a day in which at least 60% of the babies born are female?" In answering the question, participants

In using the representativeness heuristic, participants

People often make logical errors. Create a real-world example that illustrates the error in this categorical syllogism: All X are Y. All A are X. Therefore, all A are X.

Describe one situation in which your friend, Marcus, might show evidence of monetary risk aversion and another example in which he would show monetary risk seeking.

Marissa believes that clowns are evil. She meets two men who are very nice and then learns that they are clowns. Despite this, she does not adjust her belief and continues to think clowns are evil. This is called

The four-card task provides an example of how

Background knowledge can lead to mistakes, but it can also provide a benefit if

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Language

Visual Knowledge

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

Filters

When thinking about the likelihood of events, humans are better able to make judgments based on information presented as than as .

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman (1987), people are when dealing with potential losses, but are when dealing with potential gains.