Question 1

When we encounter a highly unusual event, we are particularly likely to notice and consider the event. As a consequence

Accepted Answer

A)  we are likely to think about how distinctive the event really is, leading us to underestimate the likelihood of this type of event. 
B)  we are likely to think about the event as being in its own special category, so the event will have little impact on our estimates of frequency. 
C)  the event will be easy to recall, leading us to overestimate the likelihood of this type of event. 
D)  the event will be difficult to recall, leading us to underestimate the likelihood of this type of event. 
A)  we are likely to think about how distinctive the event really is, leading us to underestimate the likelihood of this type of event. 
B)  we are likely to think about the event as being in its own special category, so the event will have little impact on our estimates of frequency. 
C)  the event will be easy to recall, leading us to overestimate the likelihood of this type of event. 
D)  the event will be difficult to recall, leading us to underestimate the likelihood of this type of event.

Question 2

Tony is trying to decide which flavor of gelato his wife would like best. She has never had gelato before, so Tony bases his decision on her favorite kind of ice cream. Tony is using a(n) ________ to make his decision.

Accepted Answer

A)  frequency estimate 
B)  attribute substitution 
C)  base rate 
D)  availability heuristic 
A)  frequency estimate 
B)  attribute substitution 
C)  base rate 
D)  availability heuristic

Question 3

Megan cannot sleep at night because she is terribly worried about being robbed, which is highly unlikely. As her friend, you want to help her by describing judgment errors and why she should not lose any more sleep. Which concept is NOT contributing to her irrational fear?

Accepted Answer

A)  base rates for getting robbed 
B)  the availability heuristic for people getting robbed 
C)  memory bias for extreme events 
D)  underestimating sample size for the number of robbers in the world 
A)  base rates for getting robbed 
B)  the availability heuristic for people getting robbed 
C)  memory bias for extreme events 
D)  underestimating sample size for the number of robbers in the world

Question 4

An employer interviews a job candidate for 15 minutes. On the basis of this interview, the employer decides that the candidate will perform well in the job, so he hires her. This is a case of a

Accepted Answer

A)  sound decision because the employer is making use of available information. 
B)  sound decision because the employer is employing base rates. 
C)  potential error because the employer is assuming that a small sample of information (the interview) is representative of a broader pattern (job performance). 
D)  potential error because the employer is relying on schema-based reasoning rather than deduction. 
A)  sound decision because the employer is making use of available information. 
B)  sound decision because the employer is employing base rates. 
C)  potential error because the employer is assuming that a small sample of information (the interview) is representative of a broader pattern (job performance). 
D)  potential error because the employer is relying on schema-based reasoning rather than deduction.

Question 5

In several studies, participants have been asked to estimate the frequency of occurrence for various causes of death. The evidence suggests that participants' frequency estimates are strongly influenced by

Accepted Answer

A)  whether the cause of death was related to natural forces (e.g., lightning, tornado). 
B)  how often the cause of death is discussed in the news media. 
C)  whether the cause of death is associated with prolonged suffering. 
D)  how well the cause of death fits with participants' schematic knowledge. 
A)  whether the cause of death was related to natural forces (e.g., lightning, tornado). 
B)  how often the cause of death is discussed in the news media. 
C)  whether the cause of death is associated with prolonged suffering. 
D)  how well the cause of death fits with participants' schematic knowledge.

Question 6

The availability heuristic is a strategy in which

Accepted Answer

A)  category frequencies tend to be overestimated. 
B)  people base their estimates of frequency on how easily they can think of examples of the relevant category. 
C)  people judge frequency by referring to their sense of familiarity with the category. 
D)  category frequencies are estimated on the basis of schematic knowledge. 
A)  category frequencies tend to be overestimated. 
B)  people base their estimates of frequency on how easily they can think of examples of the relevant category. 
C)  people judge frequency by referring to their sense of familiarity with the category. 
D)  category frequencies are estimated on the basis of schematic knowledge.

Question 7

Descriptive information that indicates that you are likely to be a member of a category (or fit the stereotype) is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  the base rate. 
B)  diagnostic information. 
C)  stereotype bias. 
D)  confirmation bias. 
A)  the base rate. 
B)  diagnostic information. 
C)  stereotype bias. 
D)  confirmation bias.

Question 8

Describe the ways that emotion can influence decision making. What tips would you give to a friend (or to yourself) to improve decision making under emotional duress?

Accepted Answer

Emotions can have a significant impact o

Question 9

Your friend, Leslie, is interested in buying a new car. A consumer magazine says that Car X is the best buy for her budget and needs. However, Leslie's brother bought Car X and hated it. To whom should Leslie listen in this situation? Why might she not?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your friend, Leslie, is interested in buying...

Question 10

Your friend, Alex, swears that he hits every red light, which makes him late for class. You know that it is incredibly unlikely that he actually hits every red light. Assume that Alex isn't intentionally lying to you and consider the factors that might lead him to truly believe that he is unlucky when it comes to red lights.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your friend, Alex, swears that he hits...

Question 11

When asked to judge covariation, participants

Accepted Answer

A)  seem to lack the knowledge and skills needed for the task. 
B)  perform more accurately if they can supplement the data with their prior experience and knowledge. 
C)  can provide reasonably accurate estimates if they have no prior beliefs about the data. 
D)  do best if irrelevant data are easily available to them. 
A)  seem to lack the knowledge and skills needed for the task. 
B)  perform more accurately if they can supplement the data with their prior experience and knowledge. 
C)  can provide reasonably accurate estimates if they have no prior beliefs about the data. 
D)  do best if irrelevant data are easily available to them.

When we encounter a highly unusual event, we are particularly likely to notice and consider the event. As a consequence

Tony is trying to decide which flavor of gelato his wife would like best. She has never had gelato before, so Tony bases his decision on her favorite kind of ice cream. Tony is using a(n) ________ to make his decision.

Megan cannot sleep at night because she is terribly worried about being robbed, which is highly unlikely. As her friend, you want to help her by describing judgment errors and why she should not lose any more sleep. Which concept is NOT contributing to her irrational fear?

An employer interviews a job candidate for 15 minutes. On the basis of this interview, the employer decides that the candidate will perform well in the job, so he hires her. This is a case of a

In several studies, participants have been asked to estimate the frequency of occurrence for various causes of death. The evidence suggests that participants' frequency estimates are strongly influenced by

The availability heuristic is a strategy in which

Descriptive information that indicates that you are likely to be a member of a category (or fit the stereotype) is referred to as

Describe the ways that emotion can influence decision making. What tips would you give to a friend (or to yourself) to improve decision making under emotional duress?

Your friend, Leslie, is interested in buying a new car. A consumer magazine says that Car X is the best buy for her budget and needs. However, Leslie's brother bought Car X and hated it. To whom should Leslie listen in this situation? Why might she not?

When asked to judge covariation, participants

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Language

Visual Knowledge

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

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Exam 12: Judgment and Reasoning

When we encounter a highly unusual event, we are particularly likely to notice and consider the event. As a consequence

Tony is trying to decide which flavor of gelato his wife would like best. She has never had gelato before, so Tony bases his decision on her favorite kind of ice cream. Tony is using a(n) ________ to make his decision.

Megan cannot sleep at night because she is terribly worried about being robbed, which is highly unlikely. As her friend, you want to help her by describing judgment errors and why she should not lose any more sleep. Which concept is NOT contributing to her irrational fear?

An employer interviews a job candidate for 15 minutes. On the basis of this interview, the employer decides that the candidate will perform well in the job, so he hires her. This is a case of a

In several studies, participants have been asked to estimate the frequency of occurrence for various causes of death. The evidence suggests that participants' frequency estimates are strongly influenced by

The availability heuristic is a strategy in which

Descriptive information that indicates that you are likely to be a member of a category (or fit the stereotype) is referred to as

Describe the ways that emotion can influence decision making. What tips would you give to a friend (or to yourself) to improve decision making under emotional duress?

Your friend, Leslie, is interested in buying a new car. A consumer magazine says that Car X is the best buy for her budget and needs. However, Leslie's brother bought Car X and hated it. To whom should Leslie listen in this situation? Why might she not?

When asked to judge covariation, participants

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Language

Visual Knowledge

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

Filters