Question 1

Jill has a gut feeling about which college she should attend. In Damasio's words, she is relying on ________ to make her decision.

Accepted Answer

A)  somatic markers 
B)  rational judgments 
C)  utility 
D)  risk aversion 
A)  somatic markers 
B)  rational judgments 
C)  utility 
D)  risk aversion

Question 2

Consider the Asian disease problem. Describe the various ways the problem can be framed and how people typically respond in each situation. Finally, consider the factors that influence the variability in responses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the Asian disease problem. Describe the...

Question 3

Lucia reported to her father that she saw a hummingbird in their backyard. Her father, however, knows that hummingbirds are extremely rare in that part of the country. In this situation

Accepted Answer

A)  the diagnostic information confirms the base rate. 
B)  the diagnostic information points toward one conclusion but the base rate points toward a different conclusion. 
C)  the base rate is known but no diagnostic information is available. 
D)  there are two pieces of diagnostic information but no base-rate information. 
A)  the diagnostic information confirms the base rate. 
B)  the diagnostic information points toward one conclusion but the base rate points toward a different conclusion. 
C)  the base rate is known but no diagnostic information is available. 
D)  there are two pieces of diagnostic information but no base-rate information.

Question 4

Studies indicate that training in statistics

Accepted Answer

A)  has little impact on how participants make judgments outside of the statistics class. 
B)  improves participants' understanding of statistical principles but does not teach them how to apply the principles to actual cases. 
C)  helps participants make more accurate judgments, but only if they were explicitly encouraged to apply their statistical knowledge. 
D)  improves participants' performance in a variety of judgment problems. 
A)  has little impact on how participants make judgments outside of the statistics class. 
B)  improves participants' understanding of statistical principles but does not teach them how to apply the principles to actual cases. 
C)  helps participants make more accurate judgments, but only if they were explicitly encouraged to apply their statistical knowledge. 
D)  improves participants' performance in a variety of judgment problems.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the effects of emotion on decision making is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  People want to minimize regret. 
B)  Physiological changes can direct decision making. 
C)  People assume the worst and are thus overly cautious. 
D)  People tend to be bad at forecasting future emotions, and this influences current decision making. 
A)  People want to minimize regret. 
B)  Physiological changes can direct decision making. 
C)  People assume the worst and are thus overly cautious. 
D)  People tend to be bad at forecasting future emotions, and this influences current decision making.

Question 6

Solomon remembers how Jacob acted last weekend and the weekend before that. On the basis of this, Solomon is trying to figure out whether there is a pattern to Jacob's actions. Solomon is working on a problem of

Accepted Answer

A)  deduction. 
B)  induction. 
C)  confirmation. 
D)  derivation. 
A)  deduction. 
B)  induction. 
C)  confirmation. 
D)  derivation.

Question 7

Human judgment is bound to be subjective and contain at least a few errors because

Accepted Answer

A)  decisions are often based on memories and memory is sensitive to manipulations and errors. 
B)  the human mind is incapable of storing everything it needs to make rational judgments all the time. 
C)  we learn how to make judgments from other humans, thus it is inherently flawed. 
D)  the process of evolution favored those individuals who were right most of the time and only occasionally made mistakes. 
A)  decisions are often based on memories and memory is sensitive to manipulations and errors. 
B)  the human mind is incapable of storing everything it needs to make rational judgments all the time. 
C)  we learn how to make judgments from other humans, thus it is inherently flawed. 
D)  the process of evolution favored those individuals who were right most of the time and only occasionally made mistakes.

Question 8

Compare and contrast Type 1 and Type 2 reasoning. Include in your discussion the benefits and drawbacks to each system, the instances in which each system would be used, and how changing the data format can lead to changes in use.

Accepted Answer

Type 1 and Type 2 reasoning are two diff

Question 9

The text suggests that illusory covariations arise from the fact that participants

Accepted Answer

A)  base their covariation estimates only on a small sample of the data that are available to them. 
B)  are generally dogmatic and make their judgments with little regard for the data. 
C)  do not know how to compute covariation, so they use an estimation strategy that is little better than guessing. 
D)  do not know how to make these judgments, so performance improves once participants gain some expertise. 
A)  base their covariation estimates only on a small sample of the data that are available to them. 
B)  are generally dogmatic and make their judgments with little regard for the data. 
C)  do not know how to compute covariation, so they use an estimation strategy that is little better than guessing. 
D)  do not know how to make these judgments, so performance improves once participants gain some expertise.

Question 10

Someone who is insensitive to base rates is likely to have all of the following problems EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  a hard time estimating covariation. 
B)  inaccuracy at determining cause-and-effect relationship. 
C)  overreliance on the representative heuristic. 
D)  underuse of diagnostic information. 
A)  a hard time estimating covariation. 
B)  inaccuracy at determining cause-and-effect relationship. 
C)  overreliance on the representative heuristic. 
D)  underuse of diagnostic information.

Question 11

Imagine an experiment wherein participants were told of a previously unknown tribe living on a Pacific island. Only one member of this tribe had been observed so far, and he was found to be obese. When asked how likely it was that all members of the tribe were obese, participants were unwilling to extrapolate this information. This shows that participants

Accepted Answer

A)  were using the representative heuristic. 
B)  had prior beliefs about these islanders. 
C)  are sometimes sensitive to the sample size and can take this into account when making a judgment. 
D)  are unwilling to make a judgment, as they are wary of making an error. 
A)  were using the representative heuristic. 
B)  had prior beliefs about these islanders. 
C)  are sometimes sensitive to the sample size and can take this into account when making a judgment. 
D)  are unwilling to make a judgment, as they are wary of making an error.

Question 12

Research into whether personality traits can be diagnosed by descriptions of ink blots has shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  novices sometimes detect illusory covariations but experts do not. 
B)  both novices and experts are successful in finding true covariations. 
C)  novices are often better than experts at detecting true covariations, as they are less likely to be affected by confirmation bias. 
D)  the pattern of observations that both experts and novices see is often not real but rather based on illusory covariations. 
A)  novices sometimes detect illusory covariations but experts do not. 
B)  both novices and experts are successful in finding true covariations. 
C)  novices are often better than experts at detecting true covariations, as they are less likely to be affected by confirmation bias. 
D)  the pattern of observations that both experts and novices see is often not real but rather based on illusory covariations.

Question 13

The term "covariation" refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  the relationship between the frequency of objects in the world and their availability in memory. 
B)  the pattern of evidence leading participants to the gambler's fallacy. 
C)  a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. 
D)  the tendency in a pattern of data for observations of one sort to be linked to observations of another sort. 
A)  the relationship between the frequency of objects in the world and their availability in memory. 
B)  the pattern of evidence leading participants to the gambler's fallacy. 
C)  a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. 
D)  the tendency in a pattern of data for observations of one sort to be linked to observations of another sort.

Question 14

A base rate is defined as information

Accepted Answer

A)  that helps us to identify which specific candidates have a target property. 
B)  about the broad likelihood of a particular type of event. 
C)  indicating the internal variability of a set or category. 
D)  that can be used to diagnose an individual category member. 
A)  that helps us to identify which specific candidates have a target property. 
B)  about the broad likelihood of a particular type of event. 
C)  indicating the internal variability of a set or category. 
D)  that can be used to diagnose an individual category member.

Question 15

Which of the following is correct regarding dual-process models?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both Type 1 and Type 2 in the model provide a quick and efficient way of making a judgment. 
B)  When we know that a judgment is important, we put more emphasis on Type 2 to ensure an accurate outcome. 
C)  Type 2 is more likely to be used if people are given training or cued by the situation. 
D)  Type 2 is more likely to be used in situations where people are distracted or tired. 
A)  Both Type 1 and Type 2 in the model provide a quick and efficient way of making a judgment. 
B)  When we know that a judgment is important, we put more emphasis on Type 2 to ensure an accurate outcome. 
C)  Type 2 is more likely to be used if people are given training or cued by the situation. 
D)  Type 2 is more likely to be used in situations where people are distracted or tired.

Question 16

Illusory covariations can be documented in

Accepted Answer

A)  novices, but only when the cases being judged are of low importance for the participants. 
B)  well-trained professionals, but only when the professionals are making judgments outside of their areas of expertise. 
C)  novices but not in experts. 
D)  individuals who have years of training in the domain being judged. 
A)  novices, but only when the cases being judged are of low importance for the participants. 
B)  well-trained professionals, but only when the professionals are making judgments outside of their areas of expertise. 
C)  novices but not in experts. 
D)  individuals who have years of training in the domain being judged.

Question 17

The term "illusory covariation" refers to an error in which participants

Accepted Answer

A)  perceive an event as occurring far more often than it actually does. 
B)  perceive two variables as being somehow linked to each other when in fact they are not. 
C)  draw a conclusion on the basis of a biased or small sample of evidence. 
D)  refuse to change their minds even though the available evidence clearly challenges their beliefs. 
A)  perceive an event as occurring far more often than it actually does. 
B)  perceive two variables as being somehow linked to each other when in fact they are not. 
C)  draw a conclusion on the basis of a biased or small sample of evidence. 
D)  refuse to change their minds even though the available evidence clearly challenges their beliefs.

Question 18

Brenda is terribly afraid of flying because she is certain the plane will crash. You know that the chances of a plane crash are exceedingly small and try to explain this to her. Given your knowledge of judgment and reasoning, describe the factors (i.e., judgment errors) that are contributing to her fear and give any tips that could help her overcome her fear.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Brenda is terribly afraid of flying because...

Question 19

If Tabitha believes that detective shows are more dramatic than hospital shows, then confirmation bias would make her more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  notice a detective show that is dramatic. 
B)  overlook a hospital show that is dramatic. 
C)  have memory schemata that include more examples of dramatic detective shows than dramatic hospital shows. 
D)  have memory schemata that include more examples of dramatic hospital shows than dramatic detective shows. 
A)  notice a detective show that is dramatic. 
B)  overlook a hospital show that is dramatic. 
C)  have memory schemata that include more examples of dramatic detective shows than dramatic hospital shows. 
D)  have memory schemata that include more examples of dramatic hospital shows than dramatic detective shows.

Question 20

Which of the following is true if we consider the phrase, "Prejudice decreases as education increases"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Prejudice positively covaries with education. 
B)  Participants are able to infer correctly whether this is a weak or strong relationship. 
C)  Prejudice negatively covaries with education. 
D)  We can accurately determine the personalities of people who are likely to show prejudice. 
A)  Prejudice positively covaries with education. 
B)  Participants are able to infer correctly whether this is a weak or strong relationship. 
C)  Prejudice negatively covaries with education. 
D)  We can accurately determine the personalities of people who are likely to show prejudice.

Jill has a gut feeling about which college she should attend. In Damasio's words, she is relying on ________ to make her decision.

Consider the Asian disease problem. Describe the various ways the problem can be framed and how people typically respond in each situation. Finally, consider the factors that influence the variability in responses.

Lucia reported to her father that she saw a hummingbird in their backyard. Her father, however, knows that hummingbirds are extremely rare in that part of the country. In this situation

Studies indicate that training in statistics

Which of the following statements about the effects of emotion on decision making is FALSE?

Solomon remembers how Jacob acted last weekend and the weekend before that. On the basis of this, Solomon is trying to figure out whether there is a pattern to Jacob's actions. Solomon is working on a problem of

Human judgment is bound to be subjective and contain at least a few errors because

Compare and contrast Type 1 and Type 2 reasoning. Include in your discussion the benefits and drawbacks to each system, the instances in which each system would be used, and how changing the data format can lead to changes in use.

The text suggests that illusory covariations arise from the fact that participants

Someone who is insensitive to base rates is likely to have all of the following problems EXCEPT

Research into whether personality traits can be diagnosed by descriptions of ink blots has shown that

The term "covariation" refers to

A base rate is defined as information

Which of the following is correct regarding dual-process models?

Illusory covariations can be documented in

The term "illusory covariation" refers to an error in which participants

If Tabitha believes that detective shows are more dramatic than hospital shows, then confirmation bias would make her more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following is true if we consider the phrase, "Prejudice decreases as education increases"?

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Language

Visual Knowledge

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

Filters

Exam 12: Judgment and Reasoning

Jill has a gut feeling about which college she should attend. In Damasio's words, she is relying on ________ to make her decision.

Consider the Asian disease problem. Describe the various ways the problem can be framed and how people typically respond in each situation. Finally, consider the factors that influence the variability in responses.

Lucia reported to her father that she saw a hummingbird in their backyard. Her father, however, knows that hummingbirds are extremely rare in that part of the country. In this situation

Studies indicate that training in statistics

Which of the following statements about the effects of emotion on decision making is FALSE?

Solomon remembers how Jacob acted last weekend and the weekend before that. On the basis of this, Solomon is trying to figure out whether there is a pattern to Jacob's actions. Solomon is working on a problem of

Human judgment is bound to be subjective and contain at least a few errors because

Compare and contrast Type 1 and Type 2 reasoning. Include in your discussion the benefits and drawbacks to each system, the instances in which each system would be used, and how changing the data format can lead to changes in use.

The text suggests that illusory covariations arise from the fact that participants

Someone who is insensitive to base rates is likely to have all of the following problems EXCEPT

Research into whether personality traits can be diagnosed by descriptions of ink blots has shown that

The term "covariation" refers to

A base rate is defined as information

Which of the following is correct regarding dual-process models?

Illusory covariations can be documented in

The term "illusory covariation" refers to an error in which participants

If Tabitha believes that detective shows are more dramatic than hospital shows, then confirmation bias would make her more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following is true if we consider the phrase, "Prejudice decreases as education increases"?

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Language

Visual Knowledge

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought

Filters