Exam 1: Basic Concepts

An argument whose conclusion rests on some geometrical procedure is:

If an inductive argument has all true premises and a probably false conclusion, then we know:

Two million children have been killed in armed conflicts in the last decade. Three times as many have been injured or permanently disabled. Millions of others have been forced to take part in or witness horrifying acts of violence. In countless cases the impact of armed conflict on children's lives remains invisible. The children themselves may be removed from the public, in institutions, or survive as victims of prostitution. But those who have lost parents often experience humiliation, rejection and discrimination, and suffer in silence as their self-esteem crumbles. Child Rights Information Network

Little is known of the Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived around 400 B.C. Nevertheless, the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics. It requires the physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, refrain from intentional wrongdoing, and keep confidential all matters pertaining to the doctor-patient relationship. William C. Cockerham, Medical Sociology

Some preachers are evangelists, so some preachers are TV personalities, since some evangelists are TV personalities.

Some princes are not military officers, since some reigning monarchs are not military officers and some princes are reigning monarchs.

PART A Some movies are long comedies, for some movies are long, and some movies are comedies. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. Some M are L. Some M are C. Some MI are LC. $\quad$ b. Some M are LC. Some M are L. Some are C. $\quad$ c. \begin{array} { l } \text {Some \mathrm{M} are \( \mathrm{C} \). }\\ \text { Some M are LC.}\\ \hline\text {Some \( \mathrm{M} \) are \( \mathrm{L} \).}\\\end{array} d. Some LC are M. Some M are L Some M are C. $\quad$ e. Some M are L Some M are C. Some LC are C. PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? a. $\quad \mathrm { M } =$ birds, $\mathrm { L } =$ yellow, $\mathrm { C } =$ canaries. b. $\quad\mathrm { M } =$ vegetables, $\mathrm { L } =$ green, $\mathrm { C } =$ peppers. c. $\quad\mathrm { M } =$ animals, $\mathrm { L } =$ green, $\mathrm { C } =$ elephants. d. $\quad \mathrm { M } =$ parrots, $\mathrm { L } =$ green, $\mathrm { C } =$ animals. e. $\quad \mathrm { M } =$ elephants, $\mathrm { L } =$ red, $\mathrm { C } =$ cats.

Liquids and solids expand only slightly when heated, whereas gases expand appreciably when heated. If the gas is not free to expand, its pressure rises when heated. Certain substances may melt, burn, boil, or explode, depending on their composition and structure. Thus, the thermal behavior of a substance is closely related to its structure. Raymond A. Serway, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4th ed.

If football is a rough sport, then football injuries abound. It is the case that football injuries abound. Thus, it follows that football is a rough sport.

Which of the following is a necessary condition for becoming intoxicated?

The print at the bottom of this full box of Cheerios says NET WT 15 OZ. Therefore, the contents must weigh about 15 ounces.

Incandescent light bulbs eventually burn out because the high temperature of the filament causes tungsten atoms to fly off and collect on the inside of the bulb's glass. This loss of tungsten is slowed, but not prevented, by introducing argon inside the bulb's envelope. As more and more atoms are lost, the filament disintegrates. When this happens, no electricity flows through the filament, and the bulb produces no light.

Until recently, it looked as though the loggerhead sea turtle might be making a comeback. But a new federal report suggests that loggerheads have begun to decline again. Their life-pattern makes them doubly vulnerable to humans. They lay their eggs on beaches, habitat vulnerable to development and disturbance, and they spend their long lives at sea, where they are often fouled in fishing nets. Newspaper editorial

Which of the following is a necessary condition for playing baseball?

Mrs. Stevenson is a philanthropist. Therefore, she must give away a lot of money or property to what she considers worthy causes.

Which of the following are all inductive arguments?

All businesses are involved in three types of activity-financing, investing, and operating. For example, the founder of Tootsie Roll needed financing to start and grow his business. This may have come from either personal savings or outside sources. The cash obtained was then invested in the equipment necessary to run the business, such as mixing equipment and delivery vehicles. Once this equipment was in place, the founder could begin the operating activities of making and selling candy. Paul D. Kimmel, et al., Financial Accounting, 3^rd edition

The world's oceans are salty because the water has dissolved salt from rocks. Streams and rivers flowing over rocks for eons have carried the salt to the sea. Also, water on the ocean floor flows into thermal vents, where it becomes heated and dissolves salt from the oceanic crust. Finally, water in the vicinity of submarine volcanoes dissolves salt from the molten lava. April Holladay, "Seas Are Salty But Don't Get Any Saltier"

PART A If cell phone companies screen text messages, then freedom of speech is threatened. Thus, freedom of speech is not threatened, because cell phone companies do not screen text messages. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. If C then F . C F $\quad$ b. not F not C If C then F . $\quad$ c. All C ate F . C F d. \begin{array} { l } \text {If \mathrm{C} then \( \mathrm{F} \). }\\ \text {Not C. }\\ \text {Not F. }\\\end{array}$\quad$ e. \begin{array} { l } \text {If \mathrm{C} then \( \mathrm{F} \). }\\ \text {Not F. }\\ \text { Not C.}\\\end{array} PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) C = Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, F = George Washington was assassinated. B) C = Joe Smith was beheaded, F= Joe Smith is dead. C) C = Abraham Lincoln was beheaded, F = Abraham Lincoln is dead. D) C = Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, F = Abraham Lincoln is dead. E) C = Abraham Lincoln was beheaded, F = Abraham Lincoln is not dead.

The tag on this new sports coat says that the price is marked down to $49.95. Therefore, the current price must be $49.95.