Exam 1: Basic Concepts

PART A If champagne contains alcohol, then minors should avoid it, so champagne contains alcohol, because minors should avoid it. The form of this argument is: a. If C then M . M C $\quad$ b. If C then M . C M $\quad$ c. M C If C then M . d. All C are M. All A are M. All C are A. $\quad$ e. C are M. M C PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) C = Napoleon was killed in a plane crash, M = Napoleon is alive. B) C = cats, M = mammals. C) C = Albert was killed in a car accident; M = Albert is dead. D) C = cats, A = dogs, M = mammals. E) C = Benjamin Franklin was killed in a plane crash; M = Benjamin Franklin is dead.

It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit. From 1973 until 2016, 151 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been available, how may more would have been exonerated?

All aerobic exercises are calorie burners and all calorie burners are weight reducers. Thus, all aerobic exercises are weight reducers.

Which of the following is an argument?

We can't bomb our way out of nuclear proliferation. But in a world in which nuclear weapons are the badge of real nations, no self-respecting superpower is going to disarm unilaterally, and every nonnuclear state will want a seat at the table. The only way to escape this deadly cycle is for the nuclear powers to step up and lead negotiations for an international agreement abolishing nuclear weapons. Chris Cooper, Letter to the Editor

After buying a pair of Blue Atlas jeans, Carter was disappointed to find that they fell apart after only one month. The same thing happened to Jeff, Mario, and Ralph. Apparently, Blue Atlas jeans don't hold up very well.

Graffiti written on the side of this wall says "Crips Rule." Thus, the mayor and city council must be members of the Crips.

PART A All college professors are teachers, so all teachers are educators, since all college professors are educators. This argument is correctly symbolized as follows: a. All C are . All T are All C are $\quad$ b. \begin{array} { l } \text { All C are \mathrm{T} .}\\ \text {All T are \( \mathrm{E} \). }\\ \hline\text { All C are \( \mathrm{E} \).}\\\end{array}$\quad$ c. All T are E All C are T . All C are E d. \begin{array} { l } \text {All \mathrm{T} are \( \mathrm{E} \). }\\ \text {All C ate E. }\\ \text { All C are \( \mathrm{T} \).}\\\end{array}$\quad$ e. \begin{array} { l } \text {All C are \mathrm{T} . }\\ \text { All C are E.}\\ \text {All T are \( \mathrm{E} \). }\\\end{array} PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) C = mammals, E = animals, T = fish. B) C = cats, E = mammals, T = animals. C) C = animals, E = mammals, T = cats. D) C = dogs, E = animals, T = mammals. E) C = cats, E = dogs, T = mammals.

In the window of the Broadway department store a huge sign reads "Sale." Therefore, there must be a sale going on inside.

The emerald is more expensive than the diamond, and the diamond is less expensive than the sapphire. Therefore, it necessarily follows that the emerald is more expensive than the sapphire.

If corporations continue to pollute, then the environment will be damaged beyond repair. The environment will be damaged beyond repair. Therefore, corporations will continue to pollute.

If the dietary guidelines promulgated by the Department of Agriculture, which recommend two servings of fruit, three servings of vegetables, and two servings of milk products every day, are to have any real effect, then fundamental cultural changes will have to occur, and people will have to rethink their inherited notions about the purpose of eating-whether we should eat for pleasure or for health-and what is necessary for a meal to be satisfying.

After Sally stopped wearing Levi jeans, she started having vision problems. Therefore, to clear up her vision problems, Sally should go back to wearing her Levi's.

The inscription beneath the image on a one-dollar bill reads "Washington." Therefore, the image must be that of George Washington.

Which of the following is a deductive argument?

The arctic ice cap has been shrinking for several years as a result of global warming, and that trend is expected to continue. Therefore, since arctic polar bears depend on that ice for survival, the arctic polar bear population will shrink in the years ahead.

Lydia loves Ryan, and Ryan loves anchovy pizza. Therefore, it follows necessarily that Lydia loves anchovy pizza.

Microbiologists work in a variety of settings. Some work in universities where they are likely to teach, do research, and train students to do research. Others work in industrial laboratories to develop or manufacture antibiotics, vaccines, or similar biological products. Even some law firms are hiring microbiologists to help with the complexities of patenting new genetically engineered organisms. Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations

The three main parts of a neuron are the dendrites, cell body, and axon. The dendrites receive information from other neurons and pass it along to the cell body. The cell body decides whether the information should be passed on to other neurons. If it decides it should, then it does so by means of an electrical impulse that travels down the axon. When the impulse reaches the axon terminals, it triggers chemical communication with other neurons. Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction

Which of the following are all premise indicators?