Exam 1: Basic Concepts

The 300 million people who live in the U.S. make up just 5% of the world's population, but they consume a quarter of the world's oil supply. For much of the twentieth century, the U.S. was the world's largest oil producer, and its profligacy wasn't a pressing problem. Today, however, we are only the third-largest producer, behind Saudi Arabia and Russia. In terms of proven reserves, we have slipped to tenth place in the international rankings. John Cassidy, "Pump Dreams"

Education in the United States is a system in crisis. Compared to their Asian and European counterparts, American students are poor academic performers, especially in sciences and in mathematics. Despite having received an education, millions of adults are functionally and culturally illiterate. Educational funding has been cut dramatically, and many school facilities are in dangerous states of disrepair. Michael P. Soroka and George J. Bryjak, Social Problems: A World at Risk

Earthquakes occur because the surface of the earth is composed of giant rigid plates, and these plates are constantly moving. When one plate rubs against another, the motion of the plates in that area is halted, and strain builds up. Eventually the edge of the plate cannot withstand the increasing strain, and it breaks. The resulting shudder is felt as an earthquake.

Given that figure A is a triangle, and one of its sides has a length of 1 foot. It follows that its area is less than 1 square foot.

PART A All container ships that are ocean going are air polluters. Hence, all container ships are air polluters. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. All C are A All C are O $\quad$ b. All C are A All C are O are A $\quad$ c. All CS are O All CS are A d. All C are O All C are A $\quad$ e. All C are O are A All C are A PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) C = husbands, O = married, A = men. B) C = men, O = humans, A = mammals. C) C = men, O = married, A = husbands. D) C = wives, O = divorced, A = women. E) C = cats, O = animals, A = dogs.

Some heart attacks are not fatal occurrences, and no strokes are heart attacks. Thus, some strokes are not fatal occurrences.

Which of the following is a sufficient condition for committing a crime?

Each of the codefendants testified that the other defendant killed the victim. Therefore, we can only conclude that both defendants killed the victim.

The consequences of violence for children are very often grave and damaging. Violence may result in greater susceptibility to lifelong social, emotional and cognitive impairments. Related mental health and social problems include anxiety and depressive disorders, hallucinations, impaired work performance, memory disturbances and aggressive behavior. Early exposure to violence is also associated with later lung, heart and liver disease, fetal death during pregnancy, and suicide attempts. Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, Report of the Independent Expert On Violence Against Children

If the Zika virus is harmless, then it will not be eradicated. The Zika virus is not harmless. Therefore, it will be eradicated.

I was appalled to read that many communities are accommodating-or pandering to-the owners of sport utility vehicles by increasing the size of parking spaces. Apparently, officials in these cities just want to go with the flow, when they could be using parking-space politics to encourage the use of smaller, more fuel-efficient cars. When will Americans come to their senses and see the S.U.V. for what it is? It's an outsized extension of egotistical consumerism. I'm sick of being pushed around by the egotists in their Tahoes and Excursions who think nothing of misusing nonrenewable oil and gas reserves, as well as increasing pollution. Jane F. Carlson, Letter to the Editor

Most partnerships have difficulty attracting substantial amounts of capital. This is generally not a problem for a slow growing business. But if a business's products or services really catch on, the difficulty in attracting capital becomes a real drawback. For these reasons, many growth companies, which begin life as a proprietorship or partnership, at some point find it necessary to convert to a corporation. Eugene F. Brigham, Financial Management: Theory and Practice

Oxygen makes up almost 21 percent of our present atmosphere. It is essential to modern life for two reasons. First, oxygen is what we must inhale so that our bodies can 'burn' (oxidize) food, releasing energy to our cells. Second, we depend on oxygen for protection from the ultraviolet radiation from the sun that constantly bombards our planet. Harold V. Thurman, Essentials of Oceanography, 5th. ed.

If a deductive argument has a false premise and a true conclusion, then we know:

PART A If music pirating continues, then property rights are ignored. Thus, if property rights are ignored, then recording artists will be cheated, because if music pirating continues, then recording artists will be cheated. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. If M then P If P then R . If MI then $\quad$ b. If P then R . If than . If M then R . $\quad$ c. \begin{array} { l } \text {If \mathrm{R} then \( \mathrm{M} \). }\\ \text { If } P \text { then M. }\\ \hline\text {\text { If } P \text { then } R \text {. } }\\\end{array} d. If Mthen P . If M then R . If P then R . $\quad$ e. \begin{array} { l } \text { If \mathrm{R} then \( \mathrm{P} \).}\\ \text { If M then \( P \).}\\ \text {If M then \( \mathrm{R} \). }\\\end{array} PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) M = Neil Armstrong has walked on the moon, P = Neil Armstrong is a human, R = Neil Armstrong is an astronaut. B) M = Kim Kardashian has walked on the moon, P = Kim Kardashian is a human, R = Kim Kardashian is an astronaut. C) M = Beyoncé records albums, P = Beyoncé is a singer, R = Beyoncé is a human. D) M = Nicole Kidman programs computers, P = Ben Affleck sells fertilizer, R = Jennifer Lopez raises elephants. E) M = Bradley Cooper stars in movies, P = Bradley Cooper is an actor, R = Bradley Cooper is a human.

Given square A inscribed in circle B. It follows that the area of A is less than the area of B.

Jenny and Francine were awarded National Merit Scholarships and both love mathematics. Jenny breezed through Dr. Marshall's calculus class with an "A". Thus, Francine should do well in that class, too.

If banks are prevented from engaging in risky practices, predatory lending is criminalized, trading in derivatives is made transparent and backed up by capital, and Wall Street lobbyists are held in check, then accountability and responsibility will be restored to the financial system, "too big to fail" will become a thing of the past, and a repeat of the Great Recession will be avoided.

Trees bearing apples, pears, and apricots all thrive in Washington state. It must be the case that all fruit trees thrive in Washington state.

When Jack took his car in for service, the mechanic charged him for lots of work that didn't need to be done. The same thing happened to Niki and Claire. Apparently mechanics these days are just a bunch of crooks.