Exam 1: Basic Concepts

Attempts to use solar energy on a large scale could have profound results. For example, it could change the albedo of the earth. This is the percentage of sunlight that is reflected back into space. Such an occurrence could cause a substantial change in the temperature of the earth, just as any other energy conversion does, making the planet too hot for life. Robert S. Boikess and Edward Edelson, Chemical Principles

The Social Security system is a pay-as-you-go arrangement where contributions by today's workers are paid out to yesterday's retirees. If part of today's contributions go into private retirement accounts, they cannot be paid out. To make up the shortage, the government would have to borrow massive amounts of money. Hence, Social Security privatization would cause a huge increase in the federal deficit.

Capitalism tends to stratify society. Those who are successful are respected and rewarded. Those who are not are abandoned as failures. The net result is that society becomes hierarchical. This is an elitist circumstance thought desirable by people on the right. Leon P. Baradat, Political Ideologies

Which of the following are all conclusion indicators?

Undocumented immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that undocumented immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.

Which of the following sentences is a statement?

Every dancer on the floor has a partner. Hence, there are an even number of dancers on the floor.

Our attitudes and values inevitably affect how we act, and it is the same with politics. The functioning of political institutions at least partly reflects the attitudes, norms, and expectations of the citizenry. Thus the English use their constitutional institutions to sustain their liberty, while the same institutions were turned into instruments of repression in South Africa and Northern Ireland. Gabriel Almond, et al., Comparative Politics Today, 7^th ed.

In the expression "If politicians engage in cover-ups, then they risk being prosecuted as criminals," the statement "They risk being prosecuted as criminals" is called the:

On the inside surface of this gold ring some small print reads "14k." Therefore, the ring must be made of 14 caret gold.

Which of the following is a sufficient condition for winning an election?

Musical instruments are classed into groups: voices, strings, woodwinds, brass and percussion. Although they can be classified as wind, string, or percussion instruments, keyboard instruments are often considered separately. Operated by air under pressure, the human voice is technically a wind instrument. In recent times the computer and other electronic media have emerged as new means of producing music. Robert Hickok, Exploring Music

A distinction is often made between management accounting and financial accounting. Management accounting focuses on internal reporting. It measures and reports financial and nonfinancial information that helps managers make decisions to fulfill the goals of an organization. Financial accounting focuses on reporting to external parties. It measures and records business transactions and provides financial statements issued to investors, government regulators, and other interested parties. Charles T. Horngren, Cost Accounting, A Managerial Emphasis, 13^th ed.

Jim Searcy, a religious prophet who now lives in Cypress, claims that the Prince of Wales is the Antichrist. Therefore, we must conclude that the Prince of Wales is up to no good.

PART A All spies are covert operators, so all covert operators are risk takers, for all spies are risk takers. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. All C are R . All are . All S are C $\quad$ b. If S then R. If S then C . If C then R . $\quad$ c. \begin{array} { l } \text {All \mathrm{S} are C. }\\ \text { All } \mathrm{S} \text { are } \mathrm{R}\\ \hline\text { All } \mathrm{C} \text { are } \mathrm{R}\\\end{array} d. \begin{array} { l } \text { All S are C. }\\ \text {All C are \mathrm{R} . }\\ \text { \( \mathrm{All} \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{R} \).}\\\end{array}$\quad$ e. \begin{array} { l } \text { All C are \mathrm{S} .}\\ \text {All R are \( \mathrm{S} \). }\\ \text {All \( \mathrm{C} \) are \( \mathrm{R} \). }\\\end{array} PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) C = cats, S = dogs, R = animals. B) S = fish, R = mammals, C = animals. C) S = dogs, C = mammals, R = animals. D) R= dogs, C = cats, S = animals. E) S = cats, C = animals, R = mammals.

PART A No symbols of equality are threats to civil order, for no gay marriages are threats to civil order, and all gay marriages are symbols of equality. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. No S are T No G are T No G are S $\quad$ b. No G are T . All are . No are . $\quad$ c. \begin{array} { l } \text {All G are \mathrm{S} . }\\ \text { No \( \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{T} \).}\\ \hline\text {No G are \( \mathrm{T} \). }\\\end{array} d. \begin{array} { l } \text {If \mathrm{G} then \( \mathrm{T} \). }\\ \text {If \( \mathrm{G} \) then \( \mathrm{S} \). }\\ \text { If \( \mathrm{S} \) then \( \mathrm{T} \).}\\\end{array}$\quad$ e. \begin{array} { l } \text {All \mathrm{S} are \( \mathrm{G} \). }\\ \text { No G are \( T \). }\\ \text { No \( \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{T} \). }\\\end{array} PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) S = mammals, T = fish, G = dogs. B) S = cats, T = fish, G = mammals. C) G = cats, S= mammals, T = fish. D) T = humble spirits, S = adventurous characters, G = creative individuals. E) G = dogs, T = cats, S = animals.

The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage in 1912 because it collided with an iceberg. Four of the ship's 16 watertight compartments could have been flooded without the ship sinking. However the iceberg tore several gashes in the hull, flooding 5 of these compartments.

In the expression "If religion dictates what counts as science, then the future of education is doomed," the statement "The future of education is doomed" is called the:

Karl Marx believed that the key to human history was class conflict. According to Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie are locked in inevitable conflict with the proletariat. This bitter struggle can end only when members of the working class unite in revolution and throw off their chains of bondage. The result will be a classless society, one free of exploitation, in which everyone will work according to their abilities and receive according to their needs. James M. Henslin, Essentials of Sociology

Alloys in which copper is the chief constituent are used more widely than pure copper and have more desirable properties. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, is easier to cast, harder, and less malleable than pure copper. Bronze dominated early technology before iron came into use. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc with multitudinous uses. Alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc, called nickel silver, have high resistance to corrosion and wear and are used as bases for silver plating and in costume jewelry. Robert Boikess and Edward Edelson, Chemical Principles