Exam 1: Basic Concepts

Which of the following is a necessary condition for going for a swim?

Yuri Androvich is a blue-eyed Russian artist, and his paintings sell for over $10,000. Peter Roganov is also a blue-eyed Russian, and he just finished art school. Thus, his paintings should sell for over $10,000, too.

PART A If shopping malls utilize video cameras, then the privacy of shoppers is invaded. Consequently, shopping malls utilize video cameras, because the privacy of shoppers is invaded. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. If S then P P S $\quad$ b. P S If S then P $\quad$ c. If S then P S P d. \begin{array} { l } \text {\text { If } \mathrm{P} \text { then } \mathrm{S} \text {. } }\\ \text {P }\\ \text {S }\\\end{array}$\quad$ e. \begin{array} { l } \text {\text { If } \mathrm{P} \text { then } \mathrm{S} \text {. } }\\ \text {S }\\ \text { P}\\\end{array} PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument in invalid? A) M = Angelina Jolie stars in movies, P = Angelina Jolie is an actress. B) M = George Washington was beheaded, P = George Washington is dead. C) M = Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, P = Abraham Lincoln is dead. D) M = Tom Smith was killed in a plane crash, P = Tom Smith is dead. E) M = George Washington is dead, P = George Washington was beheaded.

There are three familiar states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Solid objects ordinarily maintain their shape and volume regardless of their location. A liquid occupies a definite volume, but assumes the shape of the occupied portion of its container. A gas maintains neither shape nor volume. It expands to fill completely whatever container it is in. John W. Hill and Dorris K Kolb, Chemistry for Changing Times

If an inductive argument has all false premises and a probably false conclusion, then we know:

In the expression "If corporate CEOs are paid exorbitant salaries, then investors are cheated," the statement "Corporate CEOs are paid exorbitant salaries" is called the:

Laws banning junk e-mail are largely ineffective. Spammers can easily avoid such laws by moving overseas, where local rules allow them free rein. Also, it is often impossible to detect the source of junk e-mail. Much of it is sent from zombie transmitters-personal computers that have been hijacked by viruses. Newspaper Clipping

Beneath the image of Thomas Jefferson on this U.S. five-cent coin we see "1975." It must be the case that the coin was minted in 1975.

Evolution as a process that has always gone on in the history of the earth can be doubted only by those who are ignorant of the evidence or are resistant to evidence, owing to emotional blocks or to plain bigotry. By contrast, the mechanisms that bring evolution about certainly need study and clarification. There are no alternatives to evolution as history that can withstand critical examination. Yet we are constantly learning new and important facts about evolutionary mechanisms. Theodosius Dobzhansky, "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution"

Which of the following is a sufficient condition for being a dog?

The rate at which a light bulb uses energy (converts electrical energy to light and heat) is usually printed on it-for example, "100 watts." A watt is a unit of power, which describes the rate of energy use. A power of 1 watt means that 1 joule of energy is being used each second. Hence, for every second that you leave a 100-watt light bulb turned on, you will have to pay the utility company for 100 joules of energy. Jeffrey Bennett, et al., The Cosmic Perspective, 3^rd edition

Frank is a polygamist. Therefore, he has more than one wife.

Since figure A is a square and the length of one of its sides is exactly one inch, it follows that its area is exactly one square inch.

If people can talk to the dead, then the dead are still alive. People cannot talk to the dead. Therefore, the dead are not still alive.

PART A Some fettuccines are not taste sensations, for no low fat recipes are taste sensations, and some fettuccines are not low fat recipes. The form of this argument is: a. No L are T. Some F are not T. Some F are not L. $\quad$ b. Some F are not T. No L are T. Some F are not L. $\quad$ c. Some F are not T. Some F are not L. No L are T. d. No L are T. Some F are not L. Some F are not T. $\quad$ e. Some F are not L. Some F are not T. No L are T. PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) $F = \text { animals } , L = \text { dogs } , T = \text { cats. }$ B) $\mathrm { L } = \text { fish } \mathrm { T } = \text { mammals. } \mathrm { F } = \text { cats }$ C) $\mathrm { T } = \text { fish, } \mathrm { L } = \text { mammals, } \mathrm { F } = \text { cats. }$ D) $F = \operatorname { dog } s , T = \text { mammals, } L = \text { animals. }$ E) $\mathrm { L } = \operatorname { dog } \mathrm { s } , \mathrm { F } = \text { animals, } \mathrm { T } = \mathrm { fish }$

Either the painting is a forgery, or it's worth a small fortune. Therefore, the painting is worth a small fortune, since it's not a forgery.

Which of the following are all nonarguments?

The world-wide disappearance of frogs may be the result of agricultural runoff. Scientists have shown that runoff rich in fertilizer causes a pronounced increase in the algae of lakes and ponds. Snails then gorge themselves on the algae, causing parasites living inside them to produce huge quantities of eggs. When the eggs hatch, the parasites infect young frogs, causing severe deformation of their limbs.

Cats can see in the dark because they have a special mirror-like layer of cells behind their retina called the tapetum lucidum. When light passes through the retina, it is reflected back through it by this layer of cells, and this provides additional stimulation to the retina's light receptors.

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines its atomic number and the name of the element. For example, all atoms with six protons are carbon atoms, and all those with eight protons are oxygen atoms. Free atoms (those not combined with other atoms) have the same number of electrons as protons. Therefore, carbon has six electrons to match its six protons, and oxygen has eight electrons to match its eight protons. Frederick K. Lutgens, et al., Foundations of Earth Science, 6^th ed.