Exam 1: Basic Concepts

Given that x - y = 13 and x = 18. It follows that y = 4.

No taggers are publicly spirited citizens, because all taggers are criminals, and no criminals are publicly spirited citizens.

In the expression, "Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it prevents hemoglobin from supplying oxygen to the body," the statement "Carbon monoxide is poisonous" is called the:

If a deductive argument has all true premises and a false conclusion, then we know:

High school health clinics across the nation should be permitted to dispense Norplant, the new birth control medication. Teenage pregnancy today is at an all time high, and Norplant is 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy. Furthermore, a single dose ensures protection for a full five years.

DNA tests of blood found at the crime scene indicate a match with the defendant's blood. Therefore, the defendant must have been present at the crime scene.

The farther away we look in distance, the further back we look in time. This fact allows us to see what parts of the universe looked like in the distant past. For example, if we look at a galaxy that is 1 billion light years away, its light has taken 1 billion years to reach us-which means we are seeing it as it looked 1 billion years ago. Jeffrey Bennett, et al., The Cosmic Perspective, 3^rd edition

PART A All evangelicals are political conservatives, so some fundamentalists are evangelicals, since some fundamentalists are political conservatives. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. All P are E . Some P are F. Some F are E . $\quad$ b. Some F are P . Some F are E. All E are P $\quad$ c. \begin{array} { l } \text { All E are \mathrm{H} .}\\ \text { Some F are E .}\\ \text { Some \( F \) are \( P \).}\\\end{array} d. All E are P. Some F are P . Some F are E . $\quad$ e. Some F are P. Some F are E . All P are E PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) E = fish, P = mammals, F = animals. B) E = dogs, P = animals, F = mammals. C) E = dogs, P = animals, F = cats. D) E = birds, P = dogs, F = fish. E) E = animals, P = cats, F = fish.

If its ion engine operates as planned, its huge solar panel remains deployed and undamaged, and its xenon energy source is not exhausted, then the Dawn spacecraft will reach both Vesta and Ceres (large asteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter), and scientists will gather information about the formation of planets, whether Ceres has a buried ocean of fresh water, and whether vestiges of life lurk beneath its icy surface.

Canada is similar in many ways to the United States. Both countries share the same language, values, and a free market economy. Also, they share a common border. Therefore, the Canadian flag must look a lot like the U.S. flag.

After examining DNA evidence found at the crime scene, Dr. Jacobs, a highly qualified forensic biologist, says that Alex Foster could not have committed the crime. Therefore, we conclude that Foster is innocent.

PART A Some playoff games are heartbreakers, since all playoff games are either heartbreakers or occasions for glee. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. \begin{array} { l } \text {All \mathrm{P} are either \( \mathrm{H} \) or \( \mathrm{O} \). }\\ \hline\text { Some P are \( \mathrm{H} \).}\\\end{array}$\quad$ b. \begin{array} { l } \text { Some P are \mathrm{H} .}\\ \hline\text { All \( \mathrm{P} \) are either \( \mathrm{H} \) or \( \mathrm{O} \).}\\\end{array} c. \begin{array} { l } \text {All \mathrm{P} are either \( \mathrm{H} \) or \( \mathrm{O} \). }\\ \hline\text { Some \( \mathrm{PG} \) are \( \mathrm{H} \). }\\\end{array}$\quad$ d. \begin{array} { l } \text {All \mathrm{P} are \( \mathrm{H} \) }\\ \hline\text { Some \( \mathrm{P} \) are either \( \mathrm{H} \) or \( \mathrm{O} \).}\\\end{array} e. \begin{array} { l } \text {All \mathrm{PG} are either \( \mathrm{H} \) or \( \mathrm{O} \). }\\ \text { Some \( \mathrm{G} \) are \( \mathrm{H} \).}\\\end{array} PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) P = fish, H = animals, O = mammals. B) P = dogs, H = cats, O = fish. C) P = dogs, H = fish, O = animals. D) P = male, G = dogs, H = animals, O = fish. E) P = women, H = humans, O = doctors.

Your sofa may be poisoning you. Its foam padding probably contains flame retardant chemicals called polybrominated diphenyl ethers. These chemicals have been linked to memory loss and brain damage. Also they may cause cancer and damage the liver.

Cancer is apt to develop in individuals who exhibit an immunodeficiency. For Example, people with AIDS develop a cancer of the blood vessels called Kaposi's sarcoma. Transplant patients who are on immunosuppressive drugs are more apt to develop lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma. Persons who inherit an immunodeficiency are also more apt to develop these cancers. Sylvia S. Mader, Human Biology, 4th ed.

Scott Peterson was convicted by a jury of murdering his wife and unborn son. Therefore, he must have actually committed these crimes.

Given that 3x + 2 = 14. It follows that x = 5.

Over the past decade, many graffiti artists have moved away from painting their signatures in the familiar wide-style lettering (a practice known as "tagging"). Instead, they make their mark with pictograms. Thus, a Belgian artist known as Plug appends large, cartoon electric plugs to machines in public places, while Cha, an academy-trained painter, adorns the walls of Barcelona with Picasso-influenced cats. Tristan Manco, "Street Logos"

The pop-up message on your computer screen says "Earn $10,000 per week. Call 306-981-4872." Therefore, if you call that number you can earn $10,000 per week.

PART A If allergies are caused by viruses, then a vaccine can be developed. Thus, a vaccine cannot be developed, because allergies are not caused by viruses. The form of this argument is: a. All A are V . No A are D . No V are D . $\quad$ b. If A then V . Not V Not A $\quad$ c. Not V Not A If A then V . d. If A then V . Not A Not V $\quad$ e. \begin{array} { l } \text {If \mathrm{A} are \( \mathrm{C} \) then \( \mathrm{V} \operatorname{can} \mathrm{D} \). }\\ \text { \( A \) are not C.}\\ \text {\( V \) cannot \( D \). }\\\end{array} PART B Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid? A) A = cats, C = animals, V = dogs, D = climb trees. B) A = Napoleon was killed in a plane crash. V = Napoleon is dead. C) A = Robert was assassinated, V = Robert is dead. D) A = cats, V = animals, D = mammals. E) A = Shakespeare suffered a heart attack, V = Shakespeare is dead.

Which of the following are all conclusion indicators?