Question 1

What is Sidman avoidance conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Briefly, it is an avoidance schedule in which occasional aversive events are postponed by the emission of a response, and in which no warning stimulus signals the impending occurrence of an aversive event.

Question 2

Describe two examples of avoidance conditioning in everyday life, one of which is not in this chapter.

Accepted Answer

Any two appropriate examples, such as a person dressing warmly in the winter in order to avoid getting cold, after observing on the television weather report that the temperature is below freezing.

Question 3

In what two procedural ways is negative reinforcement different from positive reinforcement? How are their effects similar?

Accepted Answer

Differences in procedure: (a)In negative reinforcement, an aversive stimulus is present prior to the response being conditioned, whereas in positive reinforcement, the reinforcer is not present prior to the response; (b)In negative reinforcement, the stimulus is removed contingent on the target response, whereas in positive reinforcement, the stimulus is presented contingent on the response.Similarity in effects: Both procedures increase the likelihood of the target response.

Question 4

Give another name for warning stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Warning stimulus can

Question 5

Explain how applying sunscreen or insect repellent might be an example of Sidman avoidance. Give another example from everyday life.(Hint: Some common computer applications have built-in timers that fit the definition of Sidman avoidance conditioning.)

Accepted Answer

Suppose that you are about to start a ga

Question 6

Describe how avoidance conditioning has been demonstrated in the hermit crab. Did this study also demonstrate escape conditioning? Explain.

Accepted Answer

Escape conditioning occurred when a herm

Question 7

What are two procedural differences between escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning?

Accepted Answer

(a)In avoidance conditioning, the aversi

Question 8

Define escape conditioning, and describe how it was used with Joanne.

Accepted Answer

In escape conditioning, the removal of s

Question 9

What is the name of the type of avoidance conditioning that involves a warning stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Discrimina

Question 10

Explain with an example of your own why an individual might unknowingly positively reinforce the undesirable behavior of another individual.(Hint: See the first example in Table 14.1.) Clearly identify the behavior principles involved.

Accepted Answer

The undesirable behavior is an aversive

Question 11

Briefly illustrate how people unknowingly strengthen others' undesirable behavior by allowing such behavior to lead to escape or avoidance of aversive stimuli.

Accepted Answer

For example, one study indicates that pa

Question 12

Describe three types of immediate consequences that might maintain avoidance responses.

Accepted Answer

One possibility is that the avoidance re

Question 13

Give an example of the inadvertent establishment of conditioned aversive stimuli, which then causes individuals to avoid or escape those stimuli.

Accepted Answer

For example, if a coach frequently criti

Question 14

How is escape conditioning similar to punishment? In what two procedural ways do they differ? How do their effects differ?

Accepted Answer

They are similar in that both involve an

Question 15

Define avoidance conditioning, and describe how it was used with Joanne.

Accepted Answer

Avoidance conditioning states that a beh

Question 16

Explain how escape conditioning might influence an adult to unknowingly positively reinforce a child's extreme social withdrawal.

Accepted Answer

A child's extreme social withdrawal is l

Question 17

What is another name for escape conditioning, and why is it called that?

Accepted Answer

Another name for escape conditioning is

Question 18

Describe two examples of escape conditioning in everyday life, one of which is not in this chapter.

Accepted Answer

Any two appropriate examples,

Question 19

How is a warning stimulus different than an SDp ?

Accepted Answer

A warning stimulus is a cue th

Exam 14: Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

What is Sidman avoidance conditioning?

Describe two examples of avoidance conditioning in everyday life, one of which is not in this chapter.

In what two procedural ways is negative reinforcement different from positive reinforcement? How are their effects similar?

Give another name for warning stimulus.

Explain how applying sunscreen or insect repellent might be an example of Sidman avoidance. Give another example from everyday life.(Hint: Some common computer applications have built-in timers that fit the definition of Sidman avoidance conditioning.)

Describe how avoidance conditioning has been demonstrated in the hermit crab. Did this study also demonstrate escape conditioning? Explain.

What are two procedural differences between escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning?

Define escape conditioning, and describe how it was used with Joanne.

What is the name of the type of avoidance conditioning that involves a warning stimulus?

Explain with an example of your own why an individual might unknowingly positively reinforce the undesirable behavior of another individual.(Hint: See the first example in Table 14.1.) Clearly identify the behavior principles involved.

Briefly illustrate how people unknowingly strengthen others' undesirable behavior by allowing such behavior to lead to escape or avoidance of aversive stimuli.

Describe three types of immediate consequences that might maintain avoidance responses.

Give an example of the inadvertent establishment of conditioned aversive stimuli, which then causes individuals to avoid or escape those stimuli.

How is escape conditioning similar to punishment? In what two procedural ways do they differ? How do their effects differ?

Define avoidance conditioning, and describe how it was used with Joanne.

Explain how escape conditioning might influence an adult to unknowingly positively reinforce a child's extreme social withdrawal.

What is another name for escape conditioning, and why is it called that?

Describe two examples of escape conditioning in everyday life, one of which is not in this chapter.

How is a warning stimulus different than an SDp ?

Introduction

Areas of Application: an Overview

Respondent Classical, Pavlovian Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior

Increasing a Behavior With Positive Reinforcement

Increasing Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement

Decreasing a Behavior With Operant Extinction

Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping

Developing Behavioral Persistence With Schedules of Reinforcement

Responding at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization

Changing the Stimulus Control of a Behavior With Fading

Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavior Chaining

Differential Reinforcement Procedures to Decrease Behavior

Decreasing Behavior With Punishment

Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Generality of Behavior Change

Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals

Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement

Antecedent Control: Motivation

Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations

Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How

Doing Behavior Modification Research

Functional Assessment of Problem Behavior

Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program

Token Economies

Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control

Approaches to Behavior Therapy: Cognitive Restructuring; Self-Directed Coping Methods; and Mindfulness and Acceptance Procedures

Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

Giving It All Some Perspective: a Brief History

Ethical Issues

Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

Filters

How is a warning stimulus different than an S^Dp ?