Question 1

Mitochondrial DNA is useful to studies of human history because .

Accepted Answer

A)  it is inherited by both parents, allowing researchers to trace DNA from maternal and paternal origins 
B)  it is inherited maternally and its sequence changes very little over time 
C)  it is inherited maternally and its sequence is typically more diverse than nuclear DNA 
D)  it is inherited paternally 
E)  it can be used to identify the mother of any human 
A)  it is inherited by both parents, allowing researchers to trace DNA from maternal and paternal origins 
B)  it is inherited maternally and its sequence changes very little over time 
C)  it is inherited maternally and its sequence is typically more diverse than nuclear DNA 
D)  it is inherited paternally 
E)  it can be used to identify the mother of any human C

Question 2

The ethical issues guiding genetic counseling include all except_______ .

Accepted Answer

A)  preventing any coercion regarding patient decisions 
B)  the benefits to society of having an individual tested 
C)  respect for individual autonomy 
D)  the likelihood of medical benefit 
E)  justice - the equal treatment of all individuals 
A)  preventing any coercion regarding patient decisions 
B)  the benefits to society of having an individual tested 
C)  respect for individual autonomy 
D)  the likelihood of medical benefit 
E)  justice - the equal treatment of all individuals B

Question 3

Calculate the Combined Paternity Index (CPI) for a father with each of the following PIs: FGA10 = 1.25; D3S135816 = 3.0; TPOX33 = 4.4

Accepted Answer

A)  1.25 / 3.0 / 4.4 = 0.095 (rounded) 
B)  1.25 + 3.0 + 4.4 = 8.65 
C)  1.25 * 3.0 * 4.4 = 16.5 
D)  1.25 + 3.0 + 4.4/100 = 0.0865 
E)  (1) 1.25 + (0.5) 3.0 + (1) 4.4 = 7.15 
A)  1.25 / 3.0 / 4.4 = 0.095 (rounded) 
B)  1.25 + 3.0 + 4.4 = 8.65 
C)  1.25 * 3.0 * 4.4 = 16.5 
D)  1.25 + 3.0 + 4.4/100 = 0.0865 
E)  (1) 1.25 + (0.5) 3.0 + (1) 4.4 = 7.15 B

Question 4

Applying the exclusion principle to paternity testing allows investigators to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  include all father with at least one allele that matches the child's non- maternal allele 
B)  exclude any father with at least one allele that does not match the child's non- maternal allele 
C)  include any father with at least one gene that matches both of the child's alleles 
D)  exclude all father with at least one allele that matches the child's non- maternal allele 
E)  include any father with at least one allele that matches both of the child's alleles 
A)  include all father with at least one allele that matches the child's non- maternal allele 
B)  exclude any father with at least one allele that does not match the child's non- maternal allele 
C)  include any father with at least one gene that matches both of the child's alleles 
D)  exclude all father with at least one allele that matches the child's non- maternal allele 
E)  include any father with at least one allele that matches both of the child's alleles

Question 5

Most cancers are caused by ______ mutations whereas a minority of cancers is caused by _________mutations.

Accepted Answer

A)  inherited; somatic 
B)  germline; somatic 
C)  somatic; random 
D)  germline; inherited 
E)  somatic; germline 
A)  inherited; somatic 
B)  germline; somatic 
C)  somatic; random 
D)  germline; inherited 
E)  somatic; germline

Question 6

If both parents are carriers of a recessive disease allele, what is the chance that one of their unaffected children is also a carrier?

Accepted Answer

A)  the chance that an unaffected child is a carrier is 50% 
B)  the chance that an unaffected child is a carrier is 2/3 
C)  the chance that an unaffected child is a carrier is less than 50% 
D)  the chance that an unaffected child is a carrier is 0% 
E)  the chance that an unaffected child is a carrier is 75% 
A)  the chance that an unaffected child is a carrier is 50% 
B)  the chance that an unaffected child is a carrier is 2/3 
C)  the chance that an unaffected child is a carrier is less than 50% 
D)  the chance that an unaffected child is a carrier is 0% 
E)  the chance that an unaffected child is a carrier is 75%

Question 7

Mutations affecting_________ can alter the expression of a gene without affecting its coding sequence.

Accepted Answer

A)  coding sequence 
B)  non- coding sequence 
C)  exons 
D)  amino acid sequence 
E)  mutations in any of these regions could affect a gene's coding sequence 
A)  coding sequence 
B)  non- coding sequence 
C)  exons 
D)  amino acid sequence 
E)  mutations in any of these regions could affect a gene's coding sequence

Question 8

Burkitt's lymphoma results from a/an _________, which causes the misexpression of the protein cMyc.

Accepted Answer

A)  chemotherapy drug 
B)  point mutation 
C)  deletion 
D)  heat shock 
E)  chromosomal translocation 
A)  chemotherapy drug 
B)  point mutation 
C)  deletion 
D)  heat shock 
E)  chromosomal translocation

Question 9

CODIS markers occur at no greater than 20% for any one allele so each marker has at least 5 alleles in a population, these features help ensure high levels of what?

Accepted Answer

A)  similarity between individuals 
B)  heritability 
C)  homozygosity 
D)  heterozygosity 
E)  inbreeding 
A)  similarity between individuals 
B)  heritability 
C)  homozygosity 
D)  heterozygosity 
E)  inbreeding

Question 10

The chance of each of two independent events happening are _____to determine the probability that both events would happen together.

Accepted Answer

A)  squared 
B)  added together 
C)  divided by two 
D)  multiplied by each 
E)  multiplied by two 
A)  squared 
B)  added together 
C)  divided by two 
D)  multiplied by each 
E)  multiplied by two

Question 11

For paternity testing to work, which of the following must be true?

Accepted Answer

A)  A child can inherit all of their alleles from their father. 
B)  The true mother must be known. 
C)  The father and the mother cannot be identical twins. 
D)  A child must inherit half of their alleles from their father, the other half come from the mother. 
E)  The father must be homozygous for any allele that is tested. 
A)  A child can inherit all of their alleles from their father. 
B)  The true mother must be known. 
C)  The father and the mother cannot be identical twins. 
D)  A child must inherit half of their alleles from their father, the other half come from the mother. 
E)  The father must be homozygous for any allele that is tested.

Question 12

Siblings are expected to share _________% of their alleles with their nieces or nephews.

Accepted Answer

A)  50% 
B)  12.5% 
C)  25% 
D)  0% 
E)  5% 
A)  50% 
B)  12.5% 
C)  25% 
D)  0% 
E)  5%

Question 13

Cancer therapy includes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  modified immune cells 
B)  drug treatments targeting dividing cells 
C)  radiation targeting cancerous cells 
D)  drugs targeting specific enzymes/proteins 
E)  All of these are possible treatment strategies. 
A)  modified immune cells 
B)  drug treatments targeting dividing cells 
C)  radiation targeting cancerous cells 
D)  drugs targeting specific enzymes/proteins 
E)  All of these are possible treatment strategies.

Question 14

The modern view of cancer describes the cells of a malignant tumor as  _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  normal cells which have been converted to cancer cells by hormones 
B)  a complex mixture of cells, some malignant and some not 
C)  genetically identical to the surrounding somatic cells from the same patient 
D)  abnormal cells confined to a tissue within the patient 
E)  clonal, each being genetically identical to the other cells in the tumor 
A)  normal cells which have been converted to cancer cells by hormones 
B)  a complex mixture of cells, some malignant and some not 
C)  genetically identical to the surrounding somatic cells from the same patient 
D)  abnormal cells confined to a tissue within the patient 
E)  clonal, each being genetically identical to the other cells in the tumor

Question 15

In which of the following continents would you expect the human population to have the fewest alleles derived from Denisovans?

Accepted Answer

A)  Europe 
B)  Asia 
C)  South America 
D)  North America 
E)  African 
A)  Europe 
B)  Asia 
C)  South America 
D)  North America 
E)  African

Question 16

Common mutational targets affecting cancer susceptibility include all of the following except _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA repair genes such as BRCA1 
B)  the cell cycle 
C)  mitochondrial function 
D)  checkpoint genes 
E)  growth- limiting genes such as APC 
A)  DNA repair genes such as BRCA1 
B)  the cell cycle 
C)  mitochondrial function 
D)  checkpoint genes 
E)  growth- limiting genes such as APC

Question 17

In genetics, Baysian analysis uses______ .

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA sequencing to determine the genotype of an individual 
B)  known or inferred genotype information, along with information from related offspring to make predictions about the probability of a certain genotype in an individual 
C)  numerical information to predict the chance of disease 
D)  court testimony to determine the chance of disease in an individual 
E)  electrophoresis to determine the genotype of an individual 
A)  DNA sequencing to determine the genotype of an individual 
B)  known or inferred genotype information, along with information from related offspring to make predictions about the probability of a certain genotype in an individual 
C)  numerical information to predict the chance of disease 
D)  court testimony to determine the chance of disease in an individual 
E)  electrophoresis to determine the genotype of an individual

Question 18

If the frequencies of two alleles in a population are 0.1 and 0.2, what is the chance that an individual in this population is homozygous for the allele with the frequency of 0.1?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.1 * 0.1 = 1% 
B)  2 * 0.1 * 0.1 = 2% 
C)  0.1 / 0.1 = 1 
D)  0.1 + 0.1 = 20% 
E)  0.1 + 0.2 = 30% 
A)  0.1 * 0.1 = 1% 
B)  2 * 0.1 * 0.1 = 2% 
C)  0.1 / 0.1 = 1 
D)  0.1 + 0.1 = 20% 
E)  0.1 + 0.2 = 30%

Question 19

Fetal cell sorting can be performed to collect_______ from ________which provide information about the genotype of a fetus.

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolic compounds; maternal blood 
B)  fetal cells; maternal blood 
C)  metabolic compounds; amniotic fluid 
D)  fetal cells; a heel stick 
E)  maternal cells; amniotic fluid 
A)  metabolic compounds; maternal blood 
B)  fetal cells; maternal blood 
C)  metabolic compounds; amniotic fluid 
D)  fetal cells; a heel stick 
E)  maternal cells; amniotic fluid

Question 20

In which regions of the human genome would you expect to find the most genetic diversity and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is no meaningful difference between coding and non- coding regions in terms of genetic diversity. 
B)  In non- coding regions, because there is selective pressure to alter non- coding sequence. 
C)  In coding regions, because there is selective pressure to alter amino acid sequence in proteins. 
D)  In non- coding regions, because there is less selective pressure to maintain non- coding nucleotide sequence. 
E)  In coding regions, because there is selective pressure to preserve amino acid sequence in proteins. 
A)  There is no meaningful difference between coding and non- coding regions in terms of genetic diversity. 
B)  In non- coding regions, because there is selective pressure to alter non- coding sequence. 
C)  In coding regions, because there is selective pressure to alter amino acid sequence in proteins. 
D)  In non- coding regions, because there is less selective pressure to maintain non- coding nucleotide sequence. 
E)  In coding regions, because there is selective pressure to preserve amino acid sequence in proteins.

Exam 21: Population Genetics and Evolution at the Population, Species, and Molecular Levels

Mitochondrial DNA is useful to studies of human history because .

The ethical issues guiding genetic counseling include all except_______ .

Calculate the Combined Paternity Index (CPI) for a father with each of the following PIs: FGA10 = 1.25; D3S135816 = 3.0; TPOX33 = 4.4

Applying the exclusion principle to paternity testing allows investigators to __________.

Most cancers are caused by ______ mutations whereas a minority of cancers is caused by _________mutations.

If both parents are carriers of a recessive disease allele, what is the chance that one of their unaffected children is also a carrier?

Mutations affecting_________ can alter the expression of a gene without affecting its coding sequence.

Burkitt's lymphoma results from a/an _________, which causes the misexpression of the protein cMyc.

CODIS markers occur at no greater than 20% for any one allele so each marker has at least 5 alleles in a population, these features help ensure high levels of what?

The chance of each of two independent events happening are _____to determine the probability that both events would happen together.

For paternity testing to work, which of the following must be true?

Siblings are expected to share _________% of their alleles with their nieces or nephews.

Cancer therapy includes which of the following?

The modern view of cancer describes the cells of a malignant tumor as _________.

In which of the following continents would you expect the human population to have the fewest alleles derived from Denisovans?

Common mutational targets affecting cancer susceptibility include all of the following except _______.

In genetics, Baysian analysis uses______ .

If the frequencies of two alleles in a population are 0.1 and 0.2, what is the chance that an individual in this population is homozygous for the allele with the frequency of 0.1?

Fetal cell sorting can be performed to collect_______ from ________which provide information about the genotype of a fetus.

In which regions of the human genome would you expect to find the most genetic diversity and why?

The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution

Transmission Genetics

Cell Division and Chromosome Heredity

Inheritance Patterns of Single Genes and Gene Interaction

Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophage

Dna Structure and Replication

Molecular Biology of Transcription and Rna Processing

The Molecular Biology of Translation

Chromosome Chapter Title Tbd

Gene Mutation, Dna Repair, and Homologous Recombination

Chromosome Chapter Title Tbd

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophage

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analysis of Gene Function by Forward Genetics and Reverse Genetics

Recombinant Dna Technology and Its Applications

Genomics: Genetics From a Whole-Genome Perspective

Organelle Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle Genomes

Developmental Genetics

Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits

Filters

Calculate the Combined Paternity Index (CPI) for a father with each of the following PIs: FGA₁₀ = 1.25; D3S1358₁₆= 3.0; TPOX₃₃ = 4.4

Most cancers are caused by mutations whereas a minority of cancers is caused by ___mutations.

Fetal cell sorting can be performed to collect_ from __which provide information about the genotype of a fetus.