Exam 13: Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Which of the following best summarizes the conclusions of Waterman's research regarding identity formation in late adolescents who attend university?

Jari failed his geology midterm.If Jari makes an external-unstable attribution for his failure,what is he most likely to say?

Describe the "spot-of-rouge test" of self-recognition and the typical responses that are seen in 9-month-old,16-month-old,and 21-month-old infants.

According to researchers,when do children first begin to assess their competence by using a peer group for reference?

Discuss how peer influences may enhance or undermine parental efforts to encourage academic achievement in their children.What cross-cultural differences have been found in peer influences on self-esteem?

According to Dweck and associates,many teachers unwittingly foster a sense of learned helplessness through their feedback for a child's successes and failures.Which of the following patterns of attribution are these teachers most likely to use?

Vladimir understands that even when he and his friend have the same information,they may have different points of view; however,Vladimir is not able to simultaneously consider his and his friend's perspective.Based on Selman's stages,,how old is Vladimir?

Discuss Dweck's theory of learned helplessness with regard to achievement motivation,noting (a)the kinds of causal attributions involved and (b)school experiences that might lead to an attitude of learned helplessness.What kind of experience has been found to be effective in countering learned helplessness?

List and describe four factors that could potentially influence an adolescent's progress toward achieving a stable identity.

Ivy considers Seneca to be her friend because Seneca does nice things for her,such as sharing candy or toys.When Ivy has candy or new toys,however,she does not feel any obligation to share these with Seneca.With respect to Selman's stages of social perspective taking,at which stage is Ivy most likely to be?

Despite the fact that Vincenzo is not very good at the logical reasoning required in his philosophy class,he looks forward to each lecture because he is interested in the topic.He views this course as a way to improve his skills.Given this scenario,which type of achievement orientation does Vincenzo have?

Harrison is trying to open the door on one of his toys,but he is not succeeding.Rather than persisting,he simply stops playing with that toy and shifts his efforts to a different activity.Based on this information,what year of age is Harrison?

Discuss the general stability of self-esteem during the adolescent years,and identify some of the factors that can cause a decrease in self-esteem as children transition to adolescence.

Which of the following parental behaviours are most strongly associated with high levels of self-esteem in their children?

Suppose you observe a young infant jerking her arm to cause a string to move a mobile over the crib.Based on current research,this behaviour indicates the development of which feature of the self?

Which of the following best describes the incremental view of ability?

Briefly describe the origins and development of self-esteem.

Rachelle is 18 years old,and when people ask her what she wants to do when she finishes school she tells them she hasn't really given it much thought.She is convinced there is plenty of time before she needs to think about career options.Based on this description,which state of identity formation best characterizes Rachelle's attitude?

Like Piaget,Nelson and Aboud emphasize peer experience as an important contributor to role-taking skills.According their views,in which of the following situations would peer influence be greatest?

Discuss the results of current research concerning the effects of person-praise versus process-oriented praise in enhancing achievement motivation.