Exam 13: Development of the Self and Social Cognition

How does one's culture affect the development of a self-concept? Describe the results of research that has addressed the differences in the development of self-recognition and self-concept in individualistic and collectivist societies.

Martin is concerned with how he compares to others in his peer group.For example,he is always trying to kick a ball farther than his friends,and he constantly wonders if he is doing as well in school as his classmates.Based on this information,what grade level of schooling is Martin in?

Alain is a 23-year-old university student who has changed majors several times.At the beginning of his studies he intended to become a teacher,but now he plans on using the skills he acquired in biochemistry to work at a pharmaceutical company.Recently,he has started to think about going into graduate school in psychology.Based on this description,which phase of identity formation best characterizes Alain's behaviour?

Phillipe's and Bernice's parents differ in their parenting style.Phillipe's parents use an authoritarian style and Bernice's parents use a permissive style.Based on this scenario,which of the following would you expect when both children are measured for levels of self-esteem?

In contrast to children who are raised in individualistic societies,children raised in collectivist societies tend to have self-concepts centred around which of the following characteristics?

List and describe three of the first dimensions that toddlers typically incorporate into their categorical self.

Children who show self-recognition are more likely to be raised in cultures that emphasize which characteristic?

According to James Marcia,people who refuse to confront the challenge of charting a life course and committing to an ideology are in which state of identity formation?

Even though Cassie feels that her parents are relatively controlling,she is extremely close to them,and she often worries about living up to their standards.Based on research findings,which identity status is Cassie likely to be in?

Which of the following best represents the research findings regarding changes to self-esteem as children enter adolescence?

Suppose you observe a group of students who have just received the results of a midterm test.Based on current research findings,which of the following reasons for a high mark would be given by the student who views academic success as a valued attribute?

Which of the following would a 4- to 5-year old be most likely to say about his or her peers?

In comparison to the friendships of younger children,what characterizes those of adolescents?

Based upon current research,which of the following best describes the characteristics of adolescent males who have the highest self-esteem?

According to Harter,how do 8-year-old children rate themselves regarding their social,cognitive,and physical competencies?

Explain the technique of attribution retraining,and discuss the success of this technique in assisting children and adolescents with a learned-helplessness style of achievement motivation.Discuss the results of research on the effects of person praise versus process-oriented praise on performance goals and learning goals.

Suppose that you are conducting naturalistic research on the content of children's self-descriptions.You have gathered data from a group of children in kindergarten who were asked to describe themselves in a few short sentences at a school recital.Based upon current research,which of the following attributes would be mentioned most often?

Gnepp tested the ability of 8-year-olds to make judgments of other children's traits.The children were asked to base their judgments of an unfamiliar child on a small sample of the child's previous behaviours.Which of the following best summarizes Gnepp's findings?

Leo has always enjoyed playing with Lego blocks.Recently he has begun to compare his projects with the elaborate models that are pictured in his Lego handbooks.Based upon this example,how would you categorize Leo's phase of mastery motivation?

According to Dweck,a child with a mastery orientation would most likely offer which of the following reasons for failure on a test?