Question 1

In which of the following conditions is your metamemory accuracy likely to be the highest?

Accepted Answer

A)  When material is difficult, rather than easy 
B)  When the material is concerned with nonsense words, rather than English phrases 
C)  When learning has been incidental, rather than intentional 
D)  When you wait several minutes before judging whether you'll remember the material 
A)  When material is difficult, rather than easy 
B)  When the material is concerned with nonsense words, rather than English phrases 
C)  When learning has been incidental, rather than intentional 
D)  When you wait several minutes before judging whether you'll remember the material

Question 2

Chapter 7 discussed a study by Hartwig and Dunlosky, who assessed whether college students' study techniques were correlated with their college grades. This research showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  there was a strong correlation between the measures of "study techniques" and grades in college. 
B)  the study was flawed, because of the research was acknowledged to have a serious problem with the issue that "correlation is not necessarily causation." 
C)  surprisingly, there was no correlation between any of the variables. 
D)  there was actually a negative correlation between study techniques and grades in college, probably because the students with the lowest grades actually exaggerated the amount of time spent studying. 
A)  there was a strong correlation between the measures of "study techniques" and grades in college. 
B)  the study was flawed, because of the research was acknowledged to have a serious problem with the issue that "correlation is not necessarily causation." 
C)  surprisingly, there was no correlation between any of the variables. 
D)  there was actually a negative correlation between study techniques and grades in college, probably because the students with the lowest grades actually exaggerated the amount of time spent studying.

Question 3

Which of the following students provides the best summary of why a person's confidence is important to the topic of memory strategies and metacognition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Asli: "In general, people are overconfident that they will remember material accurately." 
B)  Megan: "Ironically, people are overconfident about eyewitness testimony and underconfident about material they learn in an academic setting." 
C)  George: "People are especially likely to be overconfident if they have studied material by using the self-reference technique." 
D)  Xavier: "People are generally overconfident when they use memory strategies and underconfident when they use metacognition." 
A)  Asli: "In general, people are overconfident that they will remember material accurately." 
B)  Megan: "Ironically, people are overconfident about eyewitness testimony and underconfident about material they learn in an academic setting." 
C)  George: "People are especially likely to be overconfident if they have studied material by using the self-reference technique." 
D)  Xavier: "People are generally overconfident when they use memory strategies and underconfident when they use metacognition."

Question 4

Absentminded behavior is especially likely to occur

Accepted Answer

A)  when you must remember to do something that is not part of your customary routine. 
B)  when you are in an unfamiliar setting. 
C)  when you are trying to performing a task especially carefully. 
D)  when you are performing a retrospective-memory task. 
A)  when you must remember to do something that is not part of your customary routine. 
B)  when you are in an unfamiliar setting. 
C)  when you are trying to performing a task especially carefully. 
D)  when you are performing a retrospective-memory task.

Question 5

Chapter 6 discusses the accuracy of people's metamemory for pairs of words on an item-by-item basis. This research suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  people are not very accurate in guessing which pairs of words they are likely to recall at a later time. 
B)  people clearly underestimate their ability to recall pairs of words at a later time. 
C)  people are more accurate when predicting on an "item-by-item" basis as compared to an overall score basis. 
D)  people have fairly accurate metamemory when the stimuli are pairs of words. 
A)  people are not very accurate in guessing which pairs of words they are likely to recall at a later time. 
B)  people clearly underestimate their ability to recall pairs of words at a later time. 
C)  people are more accurate when predicting on an "item-by-item" basis as compared to an overall score basis. 
D)  people have fairly accurate metamemory when the stimuli are pairs of words.

Question 6

Researchers have conducted many studies about how students allocate their time, when studying for an exam. In general, these studies show that

Accepted Answer

A)  without time pressure, students spend more time studying difficult material. 
B)  without time pressure, students spend more time studying easy material. 
C)  with time pressure, students spend more time studying difficult material. 
D)  with time pressure, students tend to study randomly, without using strategies about which items to focus on. 
A)  without time pressure, students spend more time studying difficult material. 
B)  without time pressure, students spend more time studying easy material. 
C)  with time pressure, students spend more time studying difficult material. 
D)  with time pressure, students tend to study randomly, without using strategies about which items to focus on.

Question 7

Research on divided attention suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  your memory for details learned while reading a textbook will not be affected if you listen to popular vocal music (with lyrics) while reading. 
B)  students who use Internet access in lecture rooms to "take breaks" to check email or text messages perform better than students who focus all of their mental efforts on the lecture only. 
C)  some students perform better while multitasking than they do while focusing all of their attention on one task. 
D)  distractions such as email and Facebook prevent students from remembering a lecture as effectively as they might remember without distraction. 
A)  your memory for details learned while reading a textbook will not be affected if you listen to popular vocal music (with lyrics) while reading. 
B)  students who use Internet access in lecture rooms to "take breaks" to check email or text messages perform better than students who focus all of their mental efforts on the lecture only. 
C)  some students perform better while multitasking than they do while focusing all of their attention on one task. 
D)  distractions such as email and Facebook prevent students from remembering a lecture as effectively as they might remember without distraction.

Question 8

Suppose that you study for your next examination in this course by reviewing each topic and asking how the information might be relevant to the career you want to pursue. Your study technique makes use of

Accepted Answer

A)  the encoding-specificity principle. 
B)  the self-reference principle. 
C)  the Pollyanna Principle. 
D)  the shallow-rehearsal technique. 
A)  the encoding-specificity principle. 
B)  the self-reference principle. 
C)  the Pollyanna Principle. 
D)  the shallow-rehearsal technique.

Question 9

Your textbook discussed a metamemory study that asked students to estimate their total score on a test that they had just taken. The comparison between the students' actual score and their estimated score showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  the students consistently overestimated how well they had performed. 
B)  the students consistently underestimated how well they had performed. 
C)  the students with the lowest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores. 
D)  the students with the highest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores. 
A)  the students consistently overestimated how well they had performed. 
B)  the students consistently underestimated how well they had performed. 
C)  the students with the lowest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores. 
D)  the students with the highest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores.

Question 10

The research on practice and memory improvement demonstrates that

Accepted Answer

A)  for most people, one exposure to the material is sufficient unless that material is extremely difficult. 
B)  several reviews of the same material-without taking breaks in between-is especially effective. 
C)  in general, we have little evidence for the total time hypothesis. 
D)  learning is more effective if learning trials are spread out over time, rather than if you study without a break. 
A)  for most people, one exposure to the material is sufficient unless that material is extremely difficult. 
B)  several reviews of the same material-without taking breaks in between-is especially effective. 
C)  in general, we have little evidence for the total time hypothesis. 
D)  learning is more effective if learning trials are spread out over time, rather than if you study without a break.

Question 11

Elaine memorized the lakes of the Great Lakes by using the word HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). Elaine has used the

Accepted Answer

A)  keyword method. 
B)  narrative technique. 
C)  first-letter technique. 
D)  hierarchy method. 
A)  keyword method. 
B)  narrative technique. 
C)  first-letter technique. 
D)  hierarchy method.

Question 12

Roediger and Karpicke's 2006 study of the testing effect indicated that taking memory tests improves retention as compared to extra studying

Accepted Answer

A)  at short retention intervals but not long ones. 
B)  only at retention intervals of 1 week or longer. 
C)  even when students receive no feedback on the accuracy of their test results. 
D)  only when the format of the first test matches the format of the final test. 
A)  at short retention intervals but not long ones. 
B)  only at retention intervals of 1 week or longer. 
C)  even when students receive no feedback on the accuracy of their test results. 
D)  only when the format of the first test matches the format of the final test.

Question 13

If you had one important message about memory improvement that you could convey to a friend, what should it be?

Accepted Answer

A)  The total amount of time you spend practicing the items is more important than the study techniques that you use. 
B)  Interactive images are more effective than non-interactive images. 
C)  Use the first-letter mnemonic whenever possible. 
D)  Try to think about your memory strategies, plan how to study, and monitor whether you understand material. 
A)  The total amount of time you spend practicing the items is more important than the study techniques that you use. 
B)  Interactive images are more effective than non-interactive images. 
C)  Use the first-letter mnemonic whenever possible. 
D)  Try to think about your memory strategies, plan how to study, and monitor whether you understand material.

Question 14

The hierarchy technique is an example of a mnemonic device that primarily emphasizes

Accepted Answer

A)  mental imagery. 
B)  organization. 
C)  the self-reference effect. 
D)  prospective memory. 
A)  mental imagery. 
B)  organization. 
C)  the self-reference effect. 
D)  prospective memory.

Question 15

According to research on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon,

Accepted Answer

A)  when an item is on the tip of your tongue, you will seldom be able to recover it. 
B)  your mental dictionary is arranged in alphabetical order. 
C)  you can identify similar-sounding words, but you cannot accurately guess the number of syllables in the target word. 
D)  you can typically provide a similar-sounding word, which matches the target word reasonably closely. 
A)  when an item is on the tip of your tongue, you will seldom be able to recover it. 
B)  your mental dictionary is arranged in alphabetical order. 
C)  you can identify similar-sounding words, but you cannot accurately guess the number of syllables in the target word. 
D)  you can typically provide a similar-sounding word, which matches the target word reasonably closely.

Question 16

According to your textbook, retrospective memory

Accepted Answer

A)  means that some new information interferes with some old information. 
B)  refers to some information that you learned in the past. 
C)  means that you use some mnemonic devices to improve your memory. 
D)  refers to your ability to predict how well you will do on a memory test. 
A)  means that some new information interferes with some old information. 
B)  refers to some information that you learned in the past. 
C)  means that you use some mnemonic devices to improve your memory. 
D)  refers to your ability to predict how well you will do on a memory test.

Question 17

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the research on metacomprehension accuracy among college students?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cheryl: "Students' metacomprehension accuracy and their reading comprehension scores are significantly correlated." 
B)  Jacques: "Students tend to underestimate their scores on a reading comprehension test." 
C)  Ed: "Students are much more confident about the comprehension questions they answered correctly, compared with those they answered incorrectly." 
D)  Hannelore: "Unfortunately, students' metacomprehension accuracy does not improve when they get feedback about their ability to assess their reading comprehension." 
A)  Cheryl: "Students' metacomprehension accuracy and their reading comprehension scores are significantly correlated." 
B)  Jacques: "Students tend to underestimate their scores on a reading comprehension test." 
C)  Ed: "Students are much more confident about the comprehension questions they answered correctly, compared with those they answered incorrectly." 
D)  Hannelore: "Unfortunately, students' metacomprehension accuracy does not improve when they get feedback about their ability to assess their reading comprehension."

Question 18

The term "tip-of-the-finger effect" refers to a subjective experience of knowing a target word but not being able to recall it right now, as experienced by

Accepted Answer

A)  blind people who read Braille. 
B)  deaf people. 
C)  people whose culture is known for using gestures frequently. 
D)  multilingual people. 
A)  blind people who read Braille. 
B)  deaf people. 
C)  people whose culture is known for using gestures frequently. 
D)  multilingual people.

Question 19

You are studying for an exam in your Forensic Psychology class. You know that 30% of the items will be fill-in-the-blank questions that require you to recall the term or name that best fits the description. Which of the following study techniques would make use of the encoding specificity principle?

Accepted Answer

A)  Quizzing yourself with flash cards (one side has a term or name and the other has the definition/description) 
B)  Having a study partner quiz you with multiple choice questions 
C)  Writing practice essays about the main concepts in the textbook 
D)  Drawing pictures of the main ideas from your lecture notes 
A)  Quizzing yourself with flash cards (one side has a term or name and the other has the definition/description) 
B)  Having a study partner quiz you with multiple choice questions 
C)  Writing practice essays about the main concepts in the textbook 
D)  Drawing pictures of the main ideas from your lecture notes

Question 20

Chapter 6 discussed college students' metamemory about factors affecting memory accuracy. According to this discussion,

Accepted Answer

A)  students with ADHD consistently overestimate their memory accuracy, compared with students without ADHD. 
B)  students are usually accurate in predicting how many hours they should study in order to get a good score in an exam. 
C)  students usually believe that simple rehearsal is an effective way to study for an exam. 
D)  students are aware that the research shows that you remember words better if they are printed in a large font size, rather than a small font size. 
A)  students with ADHD consistently overestimate their memory accuracy, compared with students without ADHD. 
B)  students are usually accurate in predicting how many hours they should study in order to get a good score in an exam. 
C)  students usually believe that simple rehearsal is an effective way to study for an exam. 
D)  students are aware that the research shows that you remember words better if they are printed in a large font size, rather than a small font size.

In which of the following conditions is your metamemory accuracy likely to be the highest?

Chapter 7 discussed a study by Hartwig and Dunlosky, who assessed whether college students' study techniques were correlated with their college grades. This research showed that

Which of the following students provides the best summary of why a person's confidence is important to the topic of memory strategies and metacognition?

Absentminded behavior is especially likely to occur

Chapter 6 discusses the accuracy of people's metamemory for pairs of words on an item-by-item basis. This research suggests that

Researchers have conducted many studies about how students allocate their time, when studying for an exam. In general, these studies show that

Research on divided attention suggests that

Suppose that you study for your next examination in this course by reviewing each topic and asking how the information might be relevant to the career you want to pursue. Your study technique makes use of

Your textbook discussed a metamemory study that asked students to estimate their total score on a test that they had just taken. The comparison between the students' actual score and their estimated score showed that

The research on practice and memory improvement demonstrates that

Elaine memorized the lakes of the Great Lakes by using the word HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). Elaine has used the

Roediger and Karpicke's 2006 study of the testing effect indicated that taking memory tests improves retention as compared to extra studying

If you had one important message about memory improvement that you could convey to a friend, what should it be?

The hierarchy technique is an example of a mnemonic device that primarily emphasizes

According to research on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon,

According to your textbook, retrospective memory

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the research on metacomprehension accuracy among college students?

The term "tip-of-the-finger effect" refers to a subjective experience of knowing a target word but not being able to recall it right now, as experienced by

You are studying for an exam in your Forensic Psychology class. You know that 30% of the items will be fill-in-the-blank questions that require you to recall the term or name that best fits the description. Which of the following study techniques would make use of the encoding specificity principle?

Chapter 6 discussed college students' metamemory about factors affecting memory accuracy. According to this discussion,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 6: Memory Strategies and Metacognition

In which of the following conditions is your metamemory accuracy likely to be the highest?

Chapter 7 discussed a study by Hartwig and Dunlosky, who assessed whether college students' study techniques were correlated with their college grades. This research showed that

Which of the following students provides the best summary of why a person's confidence is important to the topic of memory strategies and metacognition?

Absentminded behavior is especially likely to occur

Chapter 6 discusses the accuracy of people's metamemory for pairs of words on an item-by-item basis. This research suggests that

Researchers have conducted many studies about how students allocate their time, when studying for an exam. In general, these studies show that

Research on divided attention suggests that

Suppose that you study for your next examination in this course by reviewing each topic and asking how the information might be relevant to the career you want to pursue. Your study technique makes use of

Your textbook discussed a metamemory study that asked students to estimate their total score on a test that they had just taken. The comparison between the students' actual score and their estimated score showed that

The research on practice and memory improvement demonstrates that

Elaine memorized the lakes of the Great Lakes by using the word HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). Elaine has used the

Roediger and Karpicke's 2006 study of the testing effect indicated that taking memory tests improves retention as compared to extra studying

If you had one important message about memory improvement that you could convey to a friend, what should it be?

The hierarchy technique is an example of a mnemonic device that primarily emphasizes

According to research on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon,

According to your textbook, retrospective memory

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the research on metacomprehension accuracy among college students?

The term "tip-of-the-finger effect" refers to a subjective experience of knowing a target word but not being able to recall it right now, as experienced by

Chapter 6 discussed college students' metamemory about factors affecting memory accuracy. According to this discussion,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters