Question 1

Which of the following interests is shared by researchers within the discipline of cognitive science?

Accepted Answer

A)  Internal representations of the world 
B)  Individual differences 
C)  The relationship between emotions and thought 
D)  An emphasis on problem solving 
A)  Internal representations of the world 
B)  Individual differences 
C)  The relationship between emotions and thought 
D)  An emphasis on problem solving

Question 2

Which of the following titles of research projects would have the most ecological validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Planning strategies used in grocery-store shopping" 
B)  "Recall for nonsense words after varying delay periods" 
C)  "Children's ability to perform abstract reasoning tasks" 
D)  "Perception of the loudness of isolated computer-generated tones" 
A)  "Planning strategies used in grocery-store shopping" 
B)  "Recall for nonsense words after varying delay periods" 
C)  "Children's ability to perform abstract reasoning tasks" 
D)  "Perception of the loudness of isolated computer-generated tones"

Question 3

Researchers in artificial intelligence emphasize that

Accepted Answer

A)  both the human brain and the computer can compare symbols and make choices, based on that comparison. 
B)  human memory distinguishes between short-term memory and long-term memory, whereas computer models have no comparable distinction. 
C)  neither the human mind nor the computer can compare symbols. 
D)  a flowchart designed in connection with a computer is very different from human mental processes. 
A)  both the human brain and the computer can compare symbols and make choices, based on that comparison. 
B)  human memory distinguishes between short-term memory and long-term memory, whereas computer models have no comparable distinction. 
C)  neither the human mind nor the computer can compare symbols. 
D)  a flowchart designed in connection with a computer is very different from human mental processes.

Question 4

Suppose that you are writing a paper about cognitive processes in people who are depressed. Which of the following topics would be most relevant for your paper?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observations of social interactions between people with depression. 
B)  The effects of vitamin supplements on the activity level of people with depression. 
C)  The ability of depressed individuals to recall people's names. 
D)  The relationship between childhood experiences and current adjustment in people with depression. 
A)  Observations of social interactions between people with depression. 
B)  The effects of vitamin supplements on the activity level of people with depression. 
C)  The ability of depressed individuals to recall people's names. 
D)  The relationship between childhood experiences and current adjustment in people with depression.

Question 5

The perspective called the "parallel distributed processing approach" includes the word "parallel" in its name because:

Accepted Answer

A)  the human brain can process several items simultaneously. 
B)  both the human brain and the PDP models have parallel weaknesses in terms of processing speed. 
C)  an item stored in your brain is registered in just one very small location. 
D)  the neural network in your brain is arranged in parallel columns. 
A)  the human brain can process several items simultaneously. 
B)  both the human brain and the PDP models have parallel weaknesses in terms of processing speed. 
C)  an item stored in your brain is registered in just one very small location. 
D)  the neural network in your brain is arranged in parallel columns.

Question 6

Which of the following early approaches to psychology developed the idea of insight when people solve problems?

Accepted Answer

A)  Introspectionism 
B)  The Gestalt approach 
C)  Behaviorism 
D)  Ebbinghaus and his followers 
A)  Introspectionism 
B)  The Gestalt approach 
C)  Behaviorism 
D)  Ebbinghaus and his followers

Question 7

How does the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique (fMRI) compare with other imaging techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)  It requires more processing time than PET scans, so it is more widely available. 
B)  It is more effective than the PET scan in measuring brain activity that occurs rapidly. 
C)  It does not provide precise information about the timing of various brain activities. 
D)  It produces images that are roughly comparable to the ERP technique. 
A)  It requires more processing time than PET scans, so it is more widely available. 
B)  It is more effective than the PET scan in measuring brain activity that occurs rapidly. 
C)  It does not provide precise information about the timing of various brain activities. 
D)  It produces images that are roughly comparable to the ERP technique.

Question 8

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the decline of behaviorism and the rising popularity of the cognitive approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sarah: "Psychologists began to realize that the behaviorists only emphasized behavior, and they admired how the cognitive approach emphasized people's emotional experiences." 
B)  Harlan: "Many psychologists favored the cognitive approach, because the behaviorist approach could not account for complex thought processes." 
C)  Ilia: "Most psychologists thought that the behaviorist approach was too heavily influenced by its early gestalt principles." 
D)  Savita: "In general, psychologists realized that the cognitive approach was better than the behaviorist approach in explaining individual differences." 
A)  Sarah: "Psychologists began to realize that the behaviorists only emphasized behavior, and they admired how the cognitive approach emphasized people's emotional experiences." 
B)  Harlan: "Many psychologists favored the cognitive approach, because the behaviorist approach could not account for complex thought processes." 
C)  Ilia: "Most psychologists thought that the behaviorist approach was too heavily influenced by its early gestalt principles." 
D)  Savita: "In general, psychologists realized that the cognitive approach was better than the behaviorist approach in explaining individual differences."

Question 9

According to the discussion of the themes of the textbook,

Accepted Answer

A)  negative information is consistently easier to process than positive information, because it is more startling. 
B)  our cognitive processes are interrelated with one another. 
C)  our higher mental processes generally operate independently of the more basic mental processes. 
D)  in general, our cognitive processes are not very accurate. 
A)  negative information is consistently easier to process than positive information, because it is more startling. 
B)  our cognitive processes are interrelated with one another. 
C)  our higher mental processes generally operate independently of the more basic mental processes. 
D)  in general, our cognitive processes are not very accurate.

Question 10

Suppose that several cognitive scientists are trying to program a computer so that it solves a particular problem in the same way a human does, taking into account that a human may make a few false starts before successfully solving the problem. This approach is called

Accepted Answer

A)  the neuroscience approach. 
B)  behavioral modeling. 
C)  the "Pure AI" approach. 
D)  computer simulation. 
A)  the neuroscience approach. 
B)  behavioral modeling. 
C)  the "Pure AI" approach. 
D)  computer simulation.

Question 11

Chapter 1 of your textbook ends with a discussion about the five themes of this book. According to this discussion,

Accepted Answer

A)  cognition is generally not very accurate. 
B)  cognition typically emphasizes both top-down and bottom-up processing. 
C)  children typically emphasize top-down processing, but adults typically emphasize bottom-up processing. 
D)  cognition is typically more accurate for negative information than for positive information. 
A)  cognition is generally not very accurate. 
B)  cognition typically emphasizes both top-down and bottom-up processing. 
C)  children typically emphasize top-down processing, but adults typically emphasize bottom-up processing. 
D)  cognition is typically more accurate for negative information than for positive information.

Question 12

If a study has high ecological validity, then the most likely conclusion is that

Accepted Answer

A)  it had a large number of participants. 
B)  it was conducted with animals, taking proper cautions about their safety. 
C)  the results could be applied in real-world situations. 
D)  the study was conducted by researchers with a behaviorist approach. 
A)  it had a large number of participants. 
B)  it was conducted with animals, taking proper cautions about their safety. 
C)  the results could be applied in real-world situations. 
D)  the study was conducted by researchers with a behaviorist approach.

Question 13

Imagine that you are attending a lecture by a guest speaker who describes a theory and then says, "Let's now look at the empirical evidence." Which of the following would most likely be the speaker's next sentence?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Other psychologists have objected to my approach on the following theoretical grounds." 
B)  "We conducted an experiment to test this hypothesis." 
C)  "The theorists who belonged to the empirical school rejected the behaviorist tradition, for the following reasons." 
D)  "By combining both the cognitive approach and the psychodynamic approach, we can devise a new theoretical approach to the problem." 
A)  "Other psychologists have objected to my approach on the following theoretical grounds." 
B)  "We conducted an experiment to test this hypothesis." 
C)  "The theorists who belonged to the empirical school rejected the behaviorist tradition, for the following reasons." 
D)  "By combining both the cognitive approach and the psychodynamic approach, we can devise a new theoretical approach to the problem."

Question 14

Some researchers believe that the human brain works like a complex, sophisticated machine. These researchers would favor

Accepted Answer

A)  the Gestalt approach. 
B)  the analogy approach. 
C)  the computer metaphor. 
D)  the lesion approach. 
A)  the Gestalt approach. 
B)  the analogy approach. 
C)  the computer metaphor. 
D)  the lesion approach.

Question 15

Which of the following people was known for seeing human memory as an active, constructive process in which we interpret and transform the information that we encounter?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bartlett 
B)  Watson 
C)  James 
D)  Wundt 
A)  Bartlett 
B)  Watson 
C)  James 
D)  Wundt

Question 16

An important difference between the classical AI approach and the connectionist approach is that the classical AI approach

Accepted Answer

A)  is designed to resemble the human brain. 
B)  proceeds one step at a time. 
C)  is more successful in explaining rapid cognitive processes. 
D)  emphasizes motivational goals as well as cognitive tasks. 
A)  is designed to resemble the human brain. 
B)  proceeds one step at a time. 
C)  is more successful in explaining rapid cognitive processes. 
D)  emphasizes motivational goals as well as cognitive tasks.

Question 17

According to the discussion of cognitive neuroscience, the PET-scan technique

Accepted Answer

A)  is too dangerous to use with human participants. 
B)  is currently used when researchers want to test memory; however, it is not adaptable for other cognitive processes. 
C)  can measure human cognitive processes that are completed within one-tenth of a second. 
D)  measures blood flow in the brain. 
A)  is too dangerous to use with human participants. 
B)  is currently used when researchers want to test memory; however, it is not adaptable for other cognitive processes. 
C)  can measure human cognitive processes that are completed within one-tenth of a second. 
D)  measures blood flow in the brain.

Question 18

Which of the following is the best example of a schema?

Accepted Answer

A)  your knowledge of the last 10 winners of the "Best Picture" Academy Award 
B)  Your tendency to read familiar words more quickly than unfamiliar words 
C)  Your understanding that the concept "dentist's office" includes a waiting room and a receptionist, but not video games 
D)  Your ability to reach for your car's turn signal on the left side of the steering wheel, even if you could not verbally describe where it is located 
A)  your knowledge of the last 10 winners of the "Best Picture" Academy Award 
B)  Your tendency to read familiar words more quickly than unfamiliar words 
C)  Your understanding that the concept "dentist's office" includes a waiting room and a receptionist, but not video games 
D)  Your ability to reach for your car's turn signal on the left side of the steering wheel, even if you could not verbally describe where it is located

Question 19

According to the first chapter in your textbook, research in cognitive neuroscience

Accepted Answer

A)  shows that most cognitive processes can be traced to a specific location in the brain. 
B)  often obtains brain images while people are working on a cognitive task. 
C)  is currently most likely to explore cognitive processes by using the brain-lesion method. 
D)  has declined in its popularity during the past 10-15 years. 
A)  shows that most cognitive processes can be traced to a specific location in the brain. 
B)  often obtains brain images while people are working on a cognitive task. 
C)  is currently most likely to explore cognitive processes by using the brain-lesion method. 
D)  has declined in its popularity during the past 10-15 years.

Question 20

During the late 1960s, psychologists began to favor the cognitive approach, because they felt that the behaviorist approach

Accepted Answer

A)  emphasized unobservable cognitive processes. 
B)  overused Wundt's technique of introspection. 
C)  placed too much emphasis on concepts such as reinforcement and observable responses. 
D)  devoted too much research to the organization of memory. 
A)  emphasized unobservable cognitive processes. 
B)  overused Wundt's technique of introspection. 
C)  placed too much emphasis on concepts such as reinforcement and observable responses. 
D)  devoted too much research to the organization of memory.

Which of the following interests is shared by researchers within the discipline of cognitive science?

Which of the following titles of research projects would have the most ecological validity?

Researchers in artificial intelligence emphasize that

Suppose that you are writing a paper about cognitive processes in people who are depressed. Which of the following topics would be most relevant for your paper?

The perspective called the "parallel distributed processing approach" includes the word "parallel" in its name because:

Which of the following early approaches to psychology developed the idea of insight when people solve problems?

How does the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique (fMRI) compare with other imaging techniques?

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the decline of behaviorism and the rising popularity of the cognitive approach?

According to the discussion of the themes of the textbook,

Suppose that several cognitive scientists are trying to program a computer so that it solves a particular problem in the same way a human does, taking into account that a human may make a few false starts before successfully solving the problem. This approach is called

Chapter 1 of your textbook ends with a discussion about the five themes of this book. According to this discussion,

If a study has high ecological validity, then the most likely conclusion is that

Imagine that you are attending a lecture by a guest speaker who describes a theory and then says, "Let's now look at the empirical evidence." Which of the following would most likely be the speaker's next sentence?

Some researchers believe that the human brain works like a complex, sophisticated machine. These researchers would favor

Which of the following people was known for seeing human memory as an active, constructive process in which we interpret and transform the information that we encounter?

An important difference between the classical AI approach and the connectionist approach is that the classical AI approach

According to the discussion of cognitive neuroscience, the PET-scan technique

Which of the following is the best example of a schema?

According to the first chapter in your textbook, research in cognitive neuroscience

During the late 1960s, psychologists began to favor the cognitive approach, because they felt that the behaviorist approach

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 1: An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Which of the following interests is shared by researchers within the discipline of cognitive science?

Which of the following titles of research projects would have the most ecological validity?

Researchers in artificial intelligence emphasize that

Suppose that you are writing a paper about cognitive processes in people who are depressed. Which of the following topics would be most relevant for your paper?

The perspective called the "parallel distributed processing approach" includes the word "parallel" in its name because:

Which of the following early approaches to psychology developed the idea of insight when people solve problems?

How does the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique (fMRI) compare with other imaging techniques?

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the decline of behaviorism and the rising popularity of the cognitive approach?

According to the discussion of the themes of the textbook,

Suppose that several cognitive scientists are trying to program a computer so that it solves a particular problem in the same way a human does, taking into account that a human may make a few false starts before successfully solving the problem. This approach is called

Chapter 1 of your textbook ends with a discussion about the five themes of this book. According to this discussion,

If a study has high ecological validity, then the most likely conclusion is that

Imagine that you are attending a lecture by a guest speaker who describes a theory and then says, "Let's now look at the empirical evidence." Which of the following would most likely be the speaker's next sentence?

Some researchers believe that the human brain works like a complex, sophisticated machine. These researchers would favor

Which of the following people was known for seeing human memory as an active, constructive process in which we interpret and transform the information that we encounter?

An important difference between the classical AI approach and the connectionist approach is that the classical AI approach

According to the discussion of cognitive neuroscience, the PET-scan technique

Which of the following is the best example of a schema?

According to the first chapter in your textbook, research in cognitive neuroscience

During the late 1960s, psychologists began to favor the cognitive approach, because they felt that the behaviorist approach

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters