Exam 6: Microbial Regulatory Systems

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Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in the global regulation of catabolic pathways in Escherichia coli, including the lac operon. A high activity of the enzyme adenylate cyclase which makes cAMP is suggestive of catabolite repression.

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Question 1

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How is transcription in Archaea controlled?

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Archaea have mechanisms to control transcription, which are most similar to those found in Bacteria rather than other mechanisms such as those in Eukarya. They contain both activators and repressors, which can regulate RNA polymerase activity in either a positive or negative way.

Explain why one cell of a pathogenic bacterium by itself typically does not secrete a toxin, despite the species as a whole being characterized as toxin producing. To help in your explanation, predict what would happen to an individual pathogen that secreted a toxin inside a human.

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One pathogenic bacterium is unlikely to be able to produce a sufficient number of toxin molecules to cause a disease. Once the bacterium grows to a sufficient quantity that it can cause disease through the production of toxins, coordination of toxin production by the population is performed by quorum sensing. The production of a toxin by a single cell would likely alert the immune system a foreign bacterium is present and would be killed by a healthy immune system.

Based on our understanding of the early stages of life, ________ is/are thought to be one of the earliest forms of metabolic regulation that evolved.

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Question 4

A protein region with a specific function and structure is called a

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Question 5

Infection by the foodborne pathogen E coli O157:H7 involves all of the following host and pathogen signaling molecules EXCEPT

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Question 6

The lac operon is an example of control in which the presence of an is required for transcription to occur.

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Question 7

Some proteins that bind to DNA block transcription, whereas other proteins activate transcription.

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Question 8

Which organism would likely harbor the most two-component regulatory systems?

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Question 9

Quorum sensing is a regulatory system that requires a certain cell density to work effectively. Each of the following activities utilizes quorum sensing EXCEPT

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Question 10

Explain the phenomenon known as diauxic growth. Hypothesize why this type of regulation might be important for the survival of a microbe in a mixed population.

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Question 11

When more than one operon is under the control of a single regulatory protein, the operons are collectively called a(n)

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Question 12

During a growth curve of Aliivibrio fischeri, when would you expect to see the strongest bioluminescence?

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Question 13

Once cytoplasmic sensor proteins involved in chemotaxis regulation are phosphorylated, a cascade of other phosphate-transferring mechanisms provides ATP to rotate flagella.

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Question 14

A two-component regulatory system usually involves both the sensor and response proteins being subject to phosphorylation.

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Question 15

Why are two-component regulatory systems particularly useful for controlling gene expression in response to environmental signals?

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Question 16

How would you design an sRNA to bind to a sequence?

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Question 17

pathways typically utilize proteins that stimulate binding of RNA polymerase to DNA.

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Question 18

Enzyme induction occurs

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Question 19

Regulation of enzyme activity occurs

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Question 20

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Exam 6: Microbial Regulatory Systems

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in the global regulation of catabolic pathways in Escherichia coli, including the lac operon. A high activity of the enzyme adenylate cyclase which makes cAMP is suggestive of catabolite repression.

How is transcription in Archaea controlled?

Explain why one cell of a pathogenic bacterium by itself typically does not secrete a toxin, despite the species as a whole being characterized as toxin producing. To help in your explanation, predict what would happen to an individual pathogen that secreted a toxin inside a human.

Based on our understanding of the early stages of life, ________ is/are thought to be one of the earliest forms of metabolic regulation that evolved.

A protein region with a specific function and structure is called a

Infection by the foodborne pathogen E coli O157:H7 involves all of the following host and pathogen signaling molecules EXCEPT

The lac operon is an example of ________ control in which the presence of an ________ is required for transcription to occur.

Some proteins that bind to DNA block transcription, whereas other proteins activate transcription.

Which organism would likely harbor the most two-component regulatory systems?

Quorum sensing is a regulatory system that requires a certain cell density to work effectively. Each of the following activities utilizes quorum sensing EXCEPT

Explain the phenomenon known as diauxic growth. Hypothesize why this type of regulation might be important for the survival of a microbe in a mixed population.

When more than one operon is under the control of a single regulatory protein, the operons are collectively called a(n)

During a growth curve of Aliivibrio fischeri, when would you expect to see the strongest bioluminescence?

Once cytoplasmic sensor proteins involved in chemotaxis regulation are phosphorylated, a cascade of other phosphate-transferring mechanisms provides ATP to rotate flagella.

A two-component regulatory system usually involves both the sensor and response proteins being subject to phosphorylation.

Why are two-component regulatory systems particularly useful for controlling gene expression in response to environmental signals?

How would you design an sRNA to bind to a sequence?

________ pathways typically utilize ________ proteins that stimulate binding of RNA polymerase to DNA.

Enzyme induction occurs

Regulation of enzyme activity occurs

The Microbial World

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing

Microbial Growth and Its Control

Molecular Biology of Microbial Growth

Viruses and Their Replication

Microbial Systems Biology

Viral Genomics, Diversity, and Ecology

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Microorganisms

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Microbial Eukarya

Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Symbioses with Humans

Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses

Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses

Clinical Microbiology and Immunology

Epidemiology

Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoans, and Helminths

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The lac operon is an example of control in which the presence of an is required for transcription to occur.

pathways typically utilize proteins that stimulate binding of RNA polymerase to DNA.