Question 1

During the electron transport process, protons and electrons become physically separated in the cell membrane.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  TRUE

Question 2

Explain the differences between symporters, and antiporters.

Accepted Answer

Answers should highlight differences in transport direction and energy input.

Question 3

The terminating step of moving electrons onto oxygen releases additional ATP during aerobic metabolism not made during anaerobic growth.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  FALSE

Question 4

Due to the number of phosphate groups, ATP has approximately three times more energy stored than AMP, and ADP has approximately two-thirds the energy stored of ATP.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Heme prosthetic groups are involved in electron transfer with quinones.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

A beer-making microbiologist noticed that no matter how long the brewing process went, 3% alcohol was the maximum produced. Hypothesize what is causing this low level of alcohol in reference to the brewer's recipe and recommend how a higher alcohol yield could be achieved. Ethanol is toxic at high concentrations, but ignore this factor to focus on microbial metabolism.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary but one explanation is

Question 7

Many defined growth media that support microbial growth lack malonate, which is an important precursor for biosynthesis of lipid membranes. Based on this, we can infer cells also must have a metabolic pathway to generate malonate from other compounds.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Improperly functioning acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) would likely result in

Accepted Answer

A)  a physiological shift to anaerobic metabolism where an energized membrane is less important for energy production. 
B)  enhanced growth of a bacterium due to faster growth substrate uptake by a weakened membrane. 
C)  no harm to bacteria, because only archaeons and eukaryotes use ACPs for fatty acid biosynthesis. 
D)  death for a bacterium due to poor lipid bilayer integrity. 
A)  a physiological shift to anaerobic metabolism where an energized membrane is less important for energy production. 
B)  enhanced growth of a bacterium due to faster growth substrate uptake by a weakened membrane. 
C)  no harm to bacteria, because only archaeons and eukaryotes use ACPs for fatty acid biosynthesis. 
D)  death for a bacterium due to poor lipid bilayer integrity.

Question 9

All microorganisms require

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon, iron, and sodium. 
B)  phosphorus, aluminum, and sodium. 
C)  calcium, potassium, and magnesium. 
D)  phosphorus, selenium, and sulfur. 
A)  carbon, iron, and sodium. 
B)  phosphorus, aluminum, and sodium. 
C)  calcium, potassium, and magnesium. 
D)  phosphorus, selenium, and sulfur.

Question 10

If an oxidation reaction occurs

Accepted Answer

A)  simultaneous reduction of a different compound will also occur, because electrons do not generally exist alone in solution. 
B)  another oxidation reaction will occur for a complete reaction, because one oxidation event is considered a half reaction. 
C)  a cell is undergoing aerobic respiration, because oxygen is being used. 
D)  a reduction reaction would not occur, because they are opposite reaction mechanisms. 
A)  simultaneous reduction of a different compound will also occur, because electrons do not generally exist alone in solution. 
B)  another oxidation reaction will occur for a complete reaction, because one oxidation event is considered a half reaction. 
C)  a cell is undergoing aerobic respiration, because oxygen is being used. 
D)  a reduction reaction would not occur, because they are opposite reaction mechanisms.

Question 11

Microbial growth on the two-carbon acetate substrate invokes

Accepted Answer

A)  the citric acid cycle for aerobic catabolism. 
B)  both the citric acid and glyoxylate pathways. 
C)  the glyoxylate pathway. 
D)  the glyoxylate and glycolysis pathways. 
A)  the citric acid cycle for aerobic catabolism. 
B)  both the citric acid and glyoxylate pathways. 
C)  the glyoxylate pathway. 
D)  the glyoxylate and glycolysis pathways.

Question 12

Based on your understanding of metabolism, generalize when an enzymeʹs rate of activity can be changed.

Accepted Answer

A)  before enzyme production 
B)  during enzyme production 
C)  after enzyme production 
D)  at any point-before, during, or after enzyme production 
A)  before enzyme production 
B)  during enzyme production 
C)  after enzyme production 
D)  at any point-before, during, or after enzyme production

Question 13

Cells require iron supplemented in their growth medium as a trace metal, because it is consumed by quinones during electron transport for ATP production.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Explain the biosynthetic and bioenergetic roles of the citric acid cycle.

Accepted Answer

Some of the molecules generated during t

Question 15

During electron transport reactions

Accepted Answer

A)  OH⁻ accumulates on the outside of the membrane while H⁺ accumulates on the inside. 
B)  OH⁻ accumulates on the inside of the membrane while H⁺ accumulates on the outside. 
C)  both OH⁻ and H⁺ accumulate on the inside of the membrane. 
D)  both OH⁻ and H⁺ accumulate on the outside of the membrane. 
A)  OH⁻ accumulates on the outside of the membrane while H⁺ accumulates on the inside. 
B)  OH⁻ accumulates on the inside of the membrane while H⁺ accumulates on the outside. 
C)  both OH⁻ and H⁺ accumulate on the inside of the membrane. 
D)  both OH⁻ and H⁺ accumulate on the outside of the membrane.

Question 16

Summarize the roles the proton motive force has in microbial metabolism.

Accepted Answer

The proton motive force uses a

Question 17

A chemoorganotroph and a chemolithotroph in the same environment would NOT compete for

Accepted Answer

A)  oxygen. 
B)  carbon. 
C)  nitrogen. 
D)  phosphorous. 
A)  oxygen. 
B)  carbon. 
C)  nitrogen. 
D)  phosphorous.

Question 18

Contrast fermentation and respiration in terms of electron donor, electron acceptor, type of ATP production, and relative number of ATP produced.

Accepted Answer

Respiration should be distinguished as u

Question 19

The sum of all biosynthetic reactions in a cell is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolism. 
B)  anabolism. 
C)  catabolism. 
D)  synthatabolism. 
A)  metabolism. 
B)  anabolism. 
C)  catabolism. 
D)  synthatabolism.

Question 20

How does the proton motive force lead to production of ATP?

Accepted Answer

A)  ATPase requires one proton to make one ATP. 
B)  Protons must be pumped against a concentration gradient from outside of the cell into the cell to rotate the F₀ subunit of ATPase for the F₁ subunit to make ATP. 
C)  Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase requires protons as cofactors in the reaction. 
D)  Translocation of three to four protons drives the F₀ component of ATPase which in turn phosphorylates one ADP into ATP. 
A)  ATPase requires one proton to make one ATP. 
B)  Protons must be pumped against a concentration gradient from outside of the cell into the cell to rotate the F₀ subunit of ATPase for the F₁ subunit to make ATP. 
C)  Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase requires protons as cofactors in the reaction. 
D)  Translocation of three to four protons drives the F₀ component of ATPase which in turn phosphorylates one ADP into ATP.

Exam 3: Microbial Metabolism

During the electron transport process, protons and electrons become physically separated in the cell membrane.

Explain the differences between symporters, and antiporters.

The terminating step of moving electrons onto oxygen releases additional ATP during aerobic metabolism not made during anaerobic growth.

Due to the number of phosphate groups, ATP has approximately three times more energy stored than AMP, and ADP has approximately two-thirds the energy stored of ATP.

Heme prosthetic groups are involved in electron transfer with quinones.

Many defined growth media that support microbial growth lack malonate, which is an important precursor for biosynthesis of lipid membranes. Based on this, we can infer cells also must have a metabolic pathway to generate malonate from other compounds.

Improperly functioning acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) would likely result in

All microorganisms require

If an oxidation reaction occurs

Microbial growth on the two-carbon acetate substrate invokes

Based on your understanding of metabolism, generalize when an enzymeʹs rate of activity can be changed.

Cells require iron supplemented in their growth medium as a trace metal, because it is consumed by quinones during electron transport for ATP production.

Explain the biosynthetic and bioenergetic roles of the citric acid cycle.

During electron transport reactions

Summarize the roles the proton motive force has in microbial metabolism.

A chemoorganotroph and a chemolithotroph in the same environment would NOT compete for

Contrast fermentation and respiration in terms of electron donor, electron acceptor, type of ATP production, and relative number of ATP produced.

The sum of all biosynthetic reactions in a cell is known as

How does the proton motive force lead to production of ATP?

The Microbial World

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing

Microbial Growth and Its Control

Microbial Regulatory Systems

Molecular Biology of Microbial Growth

Viruses and Their Replication

Microbial Systems Biology

Viral Genomics, Diversity, and Ecology

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Microorganisms

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Microbial Eukarya

Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Symbioses with Humans

Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses

Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses

Clinical Microbiology and Immunology

Epidemiology

Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoans, and Helminths

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